DENGUE/DHF UPDATE (14): ASIA
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- India (Mumbai, Maharashtra state). 11 Feb 2013. Dengue 2013, 94 cases; Increasing; 2012, 1008 cases, deaths 5.
http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/2/2 ... ctors.html
[Maps of India can be seen at
http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm and
http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH. - Mod.TY]
Aktuelle Epidemien in Asien/Seidenstraße
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Hepatitis in Pakistan
HEPATITIS - PAKISTAN: (SINDH)
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A ProMED-mail post
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Date: Tue 19 Feb 2013
Source: The Express Tribune [abbrev., edited]
http://tribune.com.pk/story/509137/wipe ... -the-rise/
Wipe it out: Number of new hepatitis cases on the rise
------------------------------------------------------
The Hepatitis Prevention and Control Programme has achieved significant milestones and there are a number of solid statistics to back it up. But according to Dr Ayaz Ali Memon, the manager of the programme, a lot has yet to be done.
In recent times, the programme has stepped up its game to keep a check on the disease. A total of 1446 screening camps were established last year alone. Just under one million people have been screened for the disease in Sindh. About 6.7 million people living in the province have also been inoculated against the disease.
Over the past 3 years, new molecular labs have been established at Civil Hospital, Mirpurkhas, Chandka Medical College, Larkana, and Ghulam Mohammad Mahar Medical College, Sukkur. While talking to The Express Tribune, Dr Memon said, "These labs cover the most populated areas of the province. Screening will help prevent the spread of the disease.* Dr Memon added that despite all of this, greater effort is required to prevent new cases. The programme he is working for is slated to end in 2014, but the incidence of hepatitis B and C is steadily rising across Pakistan. Though there is no exact figure of the number of people infected, rough estimates place the number of people in Sindh [province] with hepatitis B at one million and hepatitis C at 2 million. The number of infections is on the rise across all age groups. Globally, around 600 000 people die every year because of hepatitis B, while hepatitis C claims around 350 000 lives.
Dr Memon said that there is a need to improve the availability and storage of vaccines across the province. A lack of cold storage can make it difficult to store vaccines and subsequently drives to inoculate people. He added that 5 cold storage chains have been established in the province -- 2 in Hyderabad and one each in Larkana and Khairpur.
Major risk factors include sharing of needles or blades, transfusion of unscreened blood and unsafe sexual practices. The disease can also be transferred from an infected mother to her newborn.
Hepatitis A is usually seen in children and hepatitis E in adolescents. Both spread through contaminated food and water. Hepatitis A and E viruses are self-limiting and settle within a few days to a few weeks. Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable disease.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Hepatitis is predominately associated with viral infection. Hepatitis A is a viral liver disease that can cause mild to severe illness. Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and water, or through direct contact with an infectious person. Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable disease.
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. The virus is transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. Hepatitis B is an important occupational hazard for health workers. Hepatitis B is preventable with the currently available safe and effective vaccine. Hepatitis D virus is only present in people already infected with hepatitis B
Hepatitis C is caused by hepatitis C virus and range in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong condition that can lead to cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer. Hepatitis C virus is transmitted through contact with the blood of an infected person. There is no protective vaccine, but hepatitis C virus infection is becoming controllable with with antiviral drugs.
Hepatitis E virus infection is usually self-limiting but may develop into fulminant hepatitis. Hepatitis E virus is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, principally via contaminated water. Hepatitis E is found worldwide, but the prevalence is highest in East and South Asia.
The above account reviewing progress towards control of hepatitis virus infection in the Sindh province of Pakistan is more reassuring than many recent accounts in ProMED-mail cataloguing failures in the control of measles and poliomyelitis.
The interactive ProMED/HealthMap of Sindh province of Pakistan can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/2NT. - Mod.CP]
*****************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Tue 19 Feb 2013
Source: The Express Tribune [abbrev., edited]
http://tribune.com.pk/story/509137/wipe ... -the-rise/
Wipe it out: Number of new hepatitis cases on the rise
------------------------------------------------------
The Hepatitis Prevention and Control Programme has achieved significant milestones and there are a number of solid statistics to back it up. But according to Dr Ayaz Ali Memon, the manager of the programme, a lot has yet to be done.
In recent times, the programme has stepped up its game to keep a check on the disease. A total of 1446 screening camps were established last year alone. Just under one million people have been screened for the disease in Sindh. About 6.7 million people living in the province have also been inoculated against the disease.
Over the past 3 years, new molecular labs have been established at Civil Hospital, Mirpurkhas, Chandka Medical College, Larkana, and Ghulam Mohammad Mahar Medical College, Sukkur. While talking to The Express Tribune, Dr Memon said, "These labs cover the most populated areas of the province. Screening will help prevent the spread of the disease.* Dr Memon added that despite all of this, greater effort is required to prevent new cases. The programme he is working for is slated to end in 2014, but the incidence of hepatitis B and C is steadily rising across Pakistan. Though there is no exact figure of the number of people infected, rough estimates place the number of people in Sindh [province] with hepatitis B at one million and hepatitis C at 2 million. The number of infections is on the rise across all age groups. Globally, around 600 000 people die every year because of hepatitis B, while hepatitis C claims around 350 000 lives.
Dr Memon said that there is a need to improve the availability and storage of vaccines across the province. A lack of cold storage can make it difficult to store vaccines and subsequently drives to inoculate people. He added that 5 cold storage chains have been established in the province -- 2 in Hyderabad and one each in Larkana and Khairpur.
Major risk factors include sharing of needles or blades, transfusion of unscreened blood and unsafe sexual practices. The disease can also be transferred from an infected mother to her newborn.
Hepatitis A is usually seen in children and hepatitis E in adolescents. Both spread through contaminated food and water. Hepatitis A and E viruses are self-limiting and settle within a few days to a few weeks. Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable disease.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Hepatitis is predominately associated with viral infection. Hepatitis A is a viral liver disease that can cause mild to severe illness. Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and water, or through direct contact with an infectious person. Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable disease.
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. The virus is transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. Hepatitis B is an important occupational hazard for health workers. Hepatitis B is preventable with the currently available safe and effective vaccine. Hepatitis D virus is only present in people already infected with hepatitis B
Hepatitis C is caused by hepatitis C virus and range in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong condition that can lead to cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer. Hepatitis C virus is transmitted through contact with the blood of an infected person. There is no protective vaccine, but hepatitis C virus infection is becoming controllable with with antiviral drugs.
Hepatitis E virus infection is usually self-limiting but may develop into fulminant hepatitis. Hepatitis E virus is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, principally via contaminated water. Hepatitis E is found worldwide, but the prevalence is highest in East and South Asia.
The above account reviewing progress towards control of hepatitis virus infection in the Sindh province of Pakistan is more reassuring than many recent accounts in ProMED-mail cataloguing failures in the control of measles and poliomyelitis.
The interactive ProMED/HealthMap of Sindh province of Pakistan can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/2NT. - Mod.CP]
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Hepatitis A in Pakistan
HEPATITIS A - PAKISTAN: (KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA)
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A ProMED-mail post
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ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Tue 19 Feb 2013
Source: The Global Dispatch [edited]
http://www.theglobaldispatch.com/hepati ... ict-55219/
The valley district of Swat in northern Pakistan is experiencing a huge outbreak of hepatitis A in which hundreds have been infected, according to an Express Tribune report on Tue 19 Feb 2013. The wards are full at hospitals in the region, and even dozens of policemen have been sickened by the viral infection.
The source of the problem is poor hygiene in the area, contaminated water more specifically. According to the report: "The garbage and sanitation lines fall into streams. The municipality also throws all the city garbage in the streams, which has not only created air pollution but also water pollution," Zahir Khan, a doctor in Mingora, told The Express Tribune newspaper. He further said that a majority of the people drink water from the streams where the water is contaminated, as these people have no alternative sources for drinking water. "Hundreds of patients suffering with hepatitis A have already been admitted in various hospitals. It seems that contaminated water has gotten mixed into the potable water system, which has caused the epidemic," Dr Abdul Wasay said.
Hepatitis A is a viral infection of the liver. Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and abdominal discomfort. Jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes, may occur a few days after [other] symptoms appear. Anyone with these symptoms should contact a health care provider. The incubation period, or time between exposure and symptoms, is typically 28 days. It is possible for hepatitis A to be active but not show symptoms for up to 7 days. Symptoms usually last one to 2 weeks but can last longer. Young children with hepatitis A often have no symptoms.
Hepatitis A is spread person-to-person and through a fecal-oral transmission route and typically occurs when a person eats food or drinks a beverage contaminated by someone with the virus. The virus is not spread by coughing, sneezing, or by casual contact. Severe complications from hepatitis A are rare and occur more often in people who have liver disease or a weakened immune system.
Thorough hand washing after visits to the toilet, before touching food or drink, and after changing a diaper are the best way to control the spread of hepatitis A.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Hepatitis A virus infection is a vaccine-preventable disease, but vaccination is not a feasible option in an impoverished and flood-devastated country. The provision of an adequate supply of potable water is the immediate priority, followed by improvements in sanitation. There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. Recovery from symptoms following infection may be slow and take several weeks or months. Therapy is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids that are lost from vomiting and diarrhoea. Improved sanitation, food safety, and immunisation are the most effective ways to combat hepatitis A.
The Swat Valley is an administrative district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan near the border with Afghanistan. It is the upper valley of the Swat River, which rises in the Hindu Kush range. The capital of Swat is Saidu Sharif, but the main town in the Swat valley is Mingora.
A map of the Swat Valley can be accessed at: http://yoniversum.nl/dakini/udmap1.html. - Mod.CP]
*********************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Tue 19 Feb 2013
Source: The Global Dispatch [edited]
http://www.theglobaldispatch.com/hepati ... ict-55219/
The valley district of Swat in northern Pakistan is experiencing a huge outbreak of hepatitis A in which hundreds have been infected, according to an Express Tribune report on Tue 19 Feb 2013. The wards are full at hospitals in the region, and even dozens of policemen have been sickened by the viral infection.
The source of the problem is poor hygiene in the area, contaminated water more specifically. According to the report: "The garbage and sanitation lines fall into streams. The municipality also throws all the city garbage in the streams, which has not only created air pollution but also water pollution," Zahir Khan, a doctor in Mingora, told The Express Tribune newspaper. He further said that a majority of the people drink water from the streams where the water is contaminated, as these people have no alternative sources for drinking water. "Hundreds of patients suffering with hepatitis A have already been admitted in various hospitals. It seems that contaminated water has gotten mixed into the potable water system, which has caused the epidemic," Dr Abdul Wasay said.
Hepatitis A is a viral infection of the liver. Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and abdominal discomfort. Jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes, may occur a few days after [other] symptoms appear. Anyone with these symptoms should contact a health care provider. The incubation period, or time between exposure and symptoms, is typically 28 days. It is possible for hepatitis A to be active but not show symptoms for up to 7 days. Symptoms usually last one to 2 weeks but can last longer. Young children with hepatitis A often have no symptoms.
Hepatitis A is spread person-to-person and through a fecal-oral transmission route and typically occurs when a person eats food or drinks a beverage contaminated by someone with the virus. The virus is not spread by coughing, sneezing, or by casual contact. Severe complications from hepatitis A are rare and occur more often in people who have liver disease or a weakened immune system.
Thorough hand washing after visits to the toilet, before touching food or drink, and after changing a diaper are the best way to control the spread of hepatitis A.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Hepatitis A virus infection is a vaccine-preventable disease, but vaccination is not a feasible option in an impoverished and flood-devastated country. The provision of an adequate supply of potable water is the immediate priority, followed by improvements in sanitation. There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. Recovery from symptoms following infection may be slow and take several weeks or months. Therapy is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids that are lost from vomiting and diarrhoea. Improved sanitation, food safety, and immunisation are the most effective ways to combat hepatitis A.
The Swat Valley is an administrative district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan near the border with Afghanistan. It is the upper valley of the Swat River, which rises in the Hindu Kush range. The capital of Swat is Saidu Sharif, but the main town in the Swat valley is Mingora.
A map of the Swat Valley can be accessed at: http://yoniversum.nl/dakini/udmap1.html. - Mod.CP]
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Leishmaniasen in Pakistan
LEISHMANIASIS - PAKISTAN: (KHYBER-PAKHTUNKHWA)
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A ProMED-mail post
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ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
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Date: Sun 24 Feb 2013
Source: The Express Tribune, Pakistan [edited]
http://tribune.com.pk/story/511623/outb ... e-january/
The number of patients infected by leishmaniasis has increased rapidly in Khyber Agency, with nearly 1300 cases reported in 2 months. Authorities fear the number of leishmaniasis cases may increase further if proper steps to control the infection are not taken.
Khyber Agency surgeon Dr Samin Shinwari told The Express Tribune: "We have registered 1085 cases in Landi Kotal, 60 in Jamrud, and 155 in Bara. There might be some cases in Tirah valley as well, but we cannot report them because vaccination teams cannot visit the area."
He added that around 700 patients had been treated so far, while over 100 injections were administered to patients whose condition was not severe. Patients having tumours on any part of the body from the disease were treated with thermotherapy. Treatment can take up to one month depending on the severity of the case.
"The increase in the number of patients has compelled us to start a special programme for treatment. We have trained doctors and paramedics for this purpose and brought more medicines and equipment to cope with the situation," Shinwari said.
Replying to a question about the patients stranded in Tirah, he said they have received information about infected children there, but the exact number cannot be confirmed.
Vaccination teams cannot be sent there due to deteriorating law and order, but residents have been instructed to go to nearby hospitals of any subdivision if they contract the disease.
Fata Health Services Director Dr Fawad Khan said Khyber, Orakzai, Bajaur, and South Waziristan have been affected by leishmaniasis for the past 10 years.
"I am not aware of the recent increase in the number of cases in Khyber Agency, but we have provided all facilities to the agency surgeon, and he has the authority to take any initiatives he considers necessary," Khan said.
The disease is caused by the bite of sand flies that breed in forest areas, caves, or the burrows of small rodents. Wild and domesticated animals and humans themselves can act as a reservoir of infection.
Symptoms of leishmaniasis include fever, malaise, weight loss, anaemia, and swelling of the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. Infection can be prevented by avoidance of sand fly bites through the use of repellents or insecticides.
Leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 countries. There are 1-1.5 million cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis reported yearly worldwide, according to the Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.
[Byline: Noorwali Shah, Jamal Khurshid]
--
Communicated by:
Kunihiko Iizuka <edcvfr3464@yahoo.co.jp>
[Leishmaniasis is highly endemic in Afghanistan and the tribal areas of Pakistan. See the recent review by Alvat et al. (Alvar J et al. and the WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e35671). Available at:
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Ad ... ne.0035671
In 2010, an incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) of 155/100 000 population was reported from Kabul, Afghanistan. Visceral leishmaniasis appears to be rare, but is probably underreported. CL is a major and rapidly increasing public health problem, both among the local Pakistani population and the Afghan refugees in camps. Current (2009-2010) high case loads in hospitals suggest another outbreak in Federal Administered Tribal Areas, Khyber Agency, and Torkhum (bordering Afghanistan). CL is estimated to affect 15 000-20 000 people in Pakistan yearly (Alval et al. 2012). - Mod.EP
HealthMap/ProMED-mail maps can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1iGJ, http://healthmap.org/r/1CnW.]
**********************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Sun 24 Feb 2013
Source: The Express Tribune, Pakistan [edited]
http://tribune.com.pk/story/511623/outb ... e-january/
The number of patients infected by leishmaniasis has increased rapidly in Khyber Agency, with nearly 1300 cases reported in 2 months. Authorities fear the number of leishmaniasis cases may increase further if proper steps to control the infection are not taken.
Khyber Agency surgeon Dr Samin Shinwari told The Express Tribune: "We have registered 1085 cases in Landi Kotal, 60 in Jamrud, and 155 in Bara. There might be some cases in Tirah valley as well, but we cannot report them because vaccination teams cannot visit the area."
He added that around 700 patients had been treated so far, while over 100 injections were administered to patients whose condition was not severe. Patients having tumours on any part of the body from the disease were treated with thermotherapy. Treatment can take up to one month depending on the severity of the case.
"The increase in the number of patients has compelled us to start a special programme for treatment. We have trained doctors and paramedics for this purpose and brought more medicines and equipment to cope with the situation," Shinwari said.
Replying to a question about the patients stranded in Tirah, he said they have received information about infected children there, but the exact number cannot be confirmed.
Vaccination teams cannot be sent there due to deteriorating law and order, but residents have been instructed to go to nearby hospitals of any subdivision if they contract the disease.
Fata Health Services Director Dr Fawad Khan said Khyber, Orakzai, Bajaur, and South Waziristan have been affected by leishmaniasis for the past 10 years.
"I am not aware of the recent increase in the number of cases in Khyber Agency, but we have provided all facilities to the agency surgeon, and he has the authority to take any initiatives he considers necessary," Khan said.
The disease is caused by the bite of sand flies that breed in forest areas, caves, or the burrows of small rodents. Wild and domesticated animals and humans themselves can act as a reservoir of infection.
Symptoms of leishmaniasis include fever, malaise, weight loss, anaemia, and swelling of the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. Infection can be prevented by avoidance of sand fly bites through the use of repellents or insecticides.
Leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 countries. There are 1-1.5 million cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis reported yearly worldwide, according to the Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.
[Byline: Noorwali Shah, Jamal Khurshid]
--
Communicated by:
Kunihiko Iizuka <edcvfr3464@yahoo.co.jp>
[Leishmaniasis is highly endemic in Afghanistan and the tribal areas of Pakistan. See the recent review by Alvat et al. (Alvar J et al. and the WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e35671). Available at:
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Ad ... ne.0035671
In 2010, an incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) of 155/100 000 population was reported from Kabul, Afghanistan. Visceral leishmaniasis appears to be rare, but is probably underreported. CL is a major and rapidly increasing public health problem, both among the local Pakistani population and the Afghan refugees in camps. Current (2009-2010) high case loads in hospitals suggest another outbreak in Federal Administered Tribal Areas, Khyber Agency, and Torkhum (bordering Afghanistan). CL is estimated to affect 15 000-20 000 people in Pakistan yearly (Alval et al. 2012). - Mod.EP
HealthMap/ProMED-mail maps can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1iGJ, http://healthmap.org/r/1CnW.]
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Leishmaniasen in Indien
LEISHMANIASIS - INDIA: (KERALA)
*******************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Mon Feb 25 2013
Source: Manorama Online [edited]
http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-b ... d=11565535
Leishmaniasis, a kind of fever widely reported in the northeast states, has reached Kerala shores. One person died due to the severity of the new found disease in Kozhikode district.
Migrant labourers from Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bangal are the carriers of leishmaniasis. The fever has claimed many lives in these states. Experts in the health department have warned of the spread of the disease through migrant labourers in the state.
They have also identified the species of sand fly that can transmit the virus through biting in Thiruvananathapuram, Kozhikode, and Eranakulam.
A native of Kozhikode who worked as an agent for providing migrant labourers died 2 months ago due to the disease.
The main symptom of leishmaniasis is a chronic fever that may continue for 2 weeks to 2 months.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[No animal reservoir host could be identified despite many surveys, and transmission is believed to be anthroponotic, with infected patients and PKDL* cases constituting the source of infection (Bern C et al. Of cattle, sand flies and men: a systematic review of risk factor analyses for South Asian visceral leishmaniasis and implications for elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4:e599) *[PKDL or "post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis," is a cutaneous condition that is characterized by a macular, depigmented eruption found mainly on the face, arms, and upper part of the trunk. It occurs years after the successful treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. - CopyEd.MSP].
PKDL occurs in an estimated 5-10 percent of patients and within 5 years of disease onset (Ramesh V. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis Int J Dermatol 1995; 34:95-101). It often remains untreated. A recent survey of 4323 households (2010) in a highly endemic area of Bihar showed a PKDL incidence of 0.5/1000 population (Alvar J et al. and the WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e35671. India: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Ad ... ne.0035671).
Recently, CL cases (12 with active lesions out of 38 people examined) and VL cases (2) have been reported in South India, Kerala, which has implications for the existing elimination program (Kesavan A et al. Indigenous visceral leishmaniasis: two cases from Kerala. Indian Pediatrics 2003;40:373-4; Simi SM et al. Searching for cutaneous leishmaniasis in tribals from Kerala, India. Glob Infect Dis.2010;2:95-100). - Mod.EP
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/28JB.]
*******************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Mon Feb 25 2013
Source: Manorama Online [edited]
http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-b ... d=11565535
Leishmaniasis, a kind of fever widely reported in the northeast states, has reached Kerala shores. One person died due to the severity of the new found disease in Kozhikode district.
Migrant labourers from Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bangal are the carriers of leishmaniasis. The fever has claimed many lives in these states. Experts in the health department have warned of the spread of the disease through migrant labourers in the state.
They have also identified the species of sand fly that can transmit the virus through biting in Thiruvananathapuram, Kozhikode, and Eranakulam.
A native of Kozhikode who worked as an agent for providing migrant labourers died 2 months ago due to the disease.
The main symptom of leishmaniasis is a chronic fever that may continue for 2 weeks to 2 months.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[No animal reservoir host could be identified despite many surveys, and transmission is believed to be anthroponotic, with infected patients and PKDL* cases constituting the source of infection (Bern C et al. Of cattle, sand flies and men: a systematic review of risk factor analyses for South Asian visceral leishmaniasis and implications for elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4:e599) *[PKDL or "post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis," is a cutaneous condition that is characterized by a macular, depigmented eruption found mainly on the face, arms, and upper part of the trunk. It occurs years after the successful treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. - CopyEd.MSP].
PKDL occurs in an estimated 5-10 percent of patients and within 5 years of disease onset (Ramesh V. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis Int J Dermatol 1995; 34:95-101). It often remains untreated. A recent survey of 4323 households (2010) in a highly endemic area of Bihar showed a PKDL incidence of 0.5/1000 population (Alvar J et al. and the WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e35671. India: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Ad ... ne.0035671).
Recently, CL cases (12 with active lesions out of 38 people examined) and VL cases (2) have been reported in South India, Kerala, which has implications for the existing elimination program (Kesavan A et al. Indigenous visceral leishmaniasis: two cases from Kerala. Indian Pediatrics 2003;40:373-4; Simi SM et al. Searching for cutaneous leishmaniasis in tribals from Kerala, India. Glob Infect Dis.2010;2:95-100). - Mod.EP
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/28JB.]
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Birgitt
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Denguefieber in Indien
DENGUE/DHF UPDATE (18): ASIA
*************************************
A ProMED-mail post
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ProMED-mail is a program of the
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*****
India (national: 2012). 27 Feb 2013. Dengue in 2012, 49 606 cases; deaths 247.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 701966.cms
[Maps of India can be seen at http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm and http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH. - Mod.TY
*************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
*****
India (national: 2012). 27 Feb 2013. Dengue in 2012, 49 606 cases; deaths 247.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 701966.cms
[Maps of India can be seen at http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm and http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH. - Mod.TY
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Tollwut in Indien - Tamil Nadu
RABIES - INDIA (02): (TAMIL NADU) CANINE, HUMAN
***********************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Thu 14 Mar 2013
Source: The Times of India/Madurai, Times News Network (TNN) [edited]
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 963015.cms
The deaths of 2 women on 2 successive days at the Government Rajaji Hospital (GRH) due to rabies' infection has raised concerns over the increasing menace of stray dogs in the city [Madurai, Tamil Nadu state]. A 55 year old woman was admitted to the GRH on Tuesday [12 Mar 2013] due to rabies infection and died on the same day. Her relatives said that she was bitten by a stray dog 2 weeks ago. They also said that she did not get vaccinated for it. Similarly, a 45 year old woman died in the hospital due to rabies infection. She was hospitalised on Monday [11 Mar 2013] and died the same day. Hospital authorities said that 5 persons died due to rabies infection in the hospital during the last 3 months alone, compared with 12 deaths in the last one year. On average, there have been 10 deaths every year in the last 5 years due to rabies infection.
Following the frequent deaths due to rabies, residents and local representatives have urged the [Madurai] corporation to intensify the vaccination and sterilisation [of dogs]. M Chellam, ward 63 councillor, said that there are several complaints from the residents of her ward about stray dogs. The numbers of stray dogs are increasing in the area and the corporation should intensify efforts to capture them, she said. S Veerakumar, councillor of ward 60, said that the stray dog menace threatens the public in Avaniyapuram [municipality of Madurai district] area. "Corporation authorities take action only when we call them. Despite the dogs being captured they are again found in the same area as they are released in Vellaikal, a nearby place. When the dogs return, they are found more ferocious than earlier and threaten the public," he complained. A resident of Bethaniyapuram said, "The stray dog menace is very high in our area. Our repeated demands to capture the dogs are [not] heeded. We are afraid to cross the streets in the night as dogs seen in the area are ferocious. Last week [week of 11 Mar 2013], a dog bit 4 persons in the area which created panic here," he said. When contacted, Priya Raj, assistant city health officer said that they have been providing vaccination and sterilization of the stray dogs regularly.
[byline: V Devanathan]
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
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[Madurai is the administrative headquarters of Madurai District in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Travellers and others should be aware that canine rabies remains a hazard in this part of India.
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of India can be seen at http://healthmap.org/r/5W1I. A map of Tamil Nadu, showing the location of Madurai, can be accessed at http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/tamilnadu/. - Mod.CP]
***********************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Thu 14 Mar 2013
Source: The Times of India/Madurai, Times News Network (TNN) [edited]
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 963015.cms
The deaths of 2 women on 2 successive days at the Government Rajaji Hospital (GRH) due to rabies' infection has raised concerns over the increasing menace of stray dogs in the city [Madurai, Tamil Nadu state]. A 55 year old woman was admitted to the GRH on Tuesday [12 Mar 2013] due to rabies infection and died on the same day. Her relatives said that she was bitten by a stray dog 2 weeks ago. They also said that she did not get vaccinated for it. Similarly, a 45 year old woman died in the hospital due to rabies infection. She was hospitalised on Monday [11 Mar 2013] and died the same day. Hospital authorities said that 5 persons died due to rabies infection in the hospital during the last 3 months alone, compared with 12 deaths in the last one year. On average, there have been 10 deaths every year in the last 5 years due to rabies infection.
Following the frequent deaths due to rabies, residents and local representatives have urged the [Madurai] corporation to intensify the vaccination and sterilisation [of dogs]. M Chellam, ward 63 councillor, said that there are several complaints from the residents of her ward about stray dogs. The numbers of stray dogs are increasing in the area and the corporation should intensify efforts to capture them, she said. S Veerakumar, councillor of ward 60, said that the stray dog menace threatens the public in Avaniyapuram [municipality of Madurai district] area. "Corporation authorities take action only when we call them. Despite the dogs being captured they are again found in the same area as they are released in Vellaikal, a nearby place. When the dogs return, they are found more ferocious than earlier and threaten the public," he complained. A resident of Bethaniyapuram said, "The stray dog menace is very high in our area. Our repeated demands to capture the dogs are [not] heeded. We are afraid to cross the streets in the night as dogs seen in the area are ferocious. Last week [week of 11 Mar 2013], a dog bit 4 persons in the area which created panic here," he said. When contacted, Priya Raj, assistant city health officer said that they have been providing vaccination and sterilization of the stray dogs regularly.
[byline: V Devanathan]
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Madurai is the administrative headquarters of Madurai District in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Travellers and others should be aware that canine rabies remains a hazard in this part of India.
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of India can be seen at http://healthmap.org/r/5W1I. A map of Tamil Nadu, showing the location of Madurai, can be accessed at http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/tamilnadu/. - Mod.CP]
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Birgitt
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Tollwut in Indien - Jammu und Kashmir
RABIES - INDIA (03): (JAMMU AND KASHMIR) CANINE, HUMAN
******************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Mon 25 Mar 2013
Source: Greater Kashmir, Srinagar [edited]
http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013 ... ars-61.asp
In a shocking revelation on dog menace in Kashmir [i.e. the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir], at least 20 persons have died of rabies in the past 5 years, while 80 0000 cases of dog bites have been reported in the valley during this period, according to official figures. The data reveal that hospitals run by the DHSK alone have recorded 58 095 dog bite cases between 2008 and 2012. This is excluding the figures registered by the Anti-Rabies Clinic (ARC) at the SMHS Hospital [Shri Maharaja Hari Singh (S.M.H.S.) Hospital] here, where officials say 22 649 such cases have been registered in the past 5 years.
The year-wide data of the Health Department, a copy of which is with Greater Kashmir, puts the dog bite cases recorded in district hospitals as: 6558 in 2008; 10 655 in 2009; 14 701 in 2010; 7954 in 2011 and 18 228 in 2012. In 2013 (January and February), these hospitals have reported nearly 1811 dog bite cases.
Similarly, the ARC at SMHS has recorded 3772 dog bite cases in 2008, 3909 in 2009, 5790 in 2010, 3772 in 2011 and 5406 in 2012, said a Government Medical College Srinagar official, while quoting figures. He said the clinic treated 774 patients for dog bites in 2013 alone (from 1 Jan 2013 to 23 Mar 2013.
"There are many more cases registered in the valley. If the anti-rabies clinic at SMHS hospital registers 3000 cases a year on an average, the figure would be around 1000 in other districts," said a DHSK official. The ARC has also registered 20 deaths due to rabies in the past 5 years. "On an average, we at ARC record 2-3 deaths due to rabies every year. This is apart from deaths that take place at other places because the ARC is not the only centre registering such deaths," an ARC official said.
Despite the alarming rise in cases of dog bites, the government is yet to devise a concrete policy to address the menace. "In 2009 the ARC has recorded 2 deaths in 3 months, including of a 4-year-old child. Similarly in 2008, 2 deaths have taken place, including 12-year-old and CRPF personnel. "We have recorded two deaths in 2010 and 2011 as well. In 2010, a 6-year-old boy from Achabal (Islamabad) died due to rabies. Also a 65-year-old woman from the district also died due to rabies," the ARC official said. In 2011, a boy drowned in the river Jehlum when a group of dogs chased him near Zaina Kadal. According to officials, nearly half of the cases of dog bites happen to Class III bites, where the victim has one or further bites, scratches, licks on broken skin, or extra contact that breaks the skin.
The data furnished by the Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC) and the Census Department reveal that for every 13 persons in the valley, there is one stray dog, putting the [stray] dog-human ratio at 1:13. While a WHO-sponsored national multi-centric rabies survey (2006) says that on average the human-dog ratio in the country stands at 1:36, an SMC official said there were one lakh [a lakh equals 100 000] dogs in Srinagar alone. "There are 11 more districts whose dog population has not been counted. A dog starts reproducing at the age of 2 and gives birth to several puppies at one time," he said. At this rate, Srinagar will be engulfed by dogs, whose population is expected to cross 2 million by 2015, in comparison to the expected 1.4 million human population, said Dr Muhammad Salim Khan, a member of the Association for Prevention and Control of Rabies in India.
The WHO has suggested the dog-sterilization program would be successful only when carried out in a fast-track mode. The WHO standards recommend that around 70 percent of dogs should be sterilized within 3 months of the start of the process. And this, according to experts, is not logically possible in Srinagar given the huge number of packs of strays and the fact that the process has already hit roadblocks.
Community medicine experts say the rate of sterilisation of 10 dogs per day is too slow to contain the reproduction rate. "The dog sterilisation project has already cost the government much, and looking at the pace at which it is going, the problem seems to worsen in the coming years," said an official at the Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar. Last year [2012], former Chief Justice of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court Khalifullah Mir had directed the state government to take speedy measures to remove stray dogs from the roads and put them in dog pounds to be constructed on the city outskirts.
[Byline: Manzoor-ul-Hassan]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Kashmir is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today, Kashmir denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir (which consists of the divisions: the Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh), the Pakistani-administered Gilgit-Baltistan and the Azad Kashmir provinces, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. Srinagar is the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated in the Kashmir Valley and lies on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus. A map of Kashmir can be accessed at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir.
This press report comprises a bewildering array of statistics regarding the present and estimated future canine population of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir but few new proposals for effective control. The low number of human fatalities in relation to the large number of dog bites inflicted suggests that post-exposure treatment is well-organised or that the prevalence of canine rabies virus infection is low. Further information would be welcomed. - Mod.CP
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH.]
******************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Mon 25 Mar 2013
Source: Greater Kashmir, Srinagar [edited]
http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013 ... ars-61.asp
In a shocking revelation on dog menace in Kashmir [i.e. the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir], at least 20 persons have died of rabies in the past 5 years, while 80 0000 cases of dog bites have been reported in the valley during this period, according to official figures. The data reveal that hospitals run by the DHSK alone have recorded 58 095 dog bite cases between 2008 and 2012. This is excluding the figures registered by the Anti-Rabies Clinic (ARC) at the SMHS Hospital [Shri Maharaja Hari Singh (S.M.H.S.) Hospital] here, where officials say 22 649 such cases have been registered in the past 5 years.
The year-wide data of the Health Department, a copy of which is with Greater Kashmir, puts the dog bite cases recorded in district hospitals as: 6558 in 2008; 10 655 in 2009; 14 701 in 2010; 7954 in 2011 and 18 228 in 2012. In 2013 (January and February), these hospitals have reported nearly 1811 dog bite cases.
Similarly, the ARC at SMHS has recorded 3772 dog bite cases in 2008, 3909 in 2009, 5790 in 2010, 3772 in 2011 and 5406 in 2012, said a Government Medical College Srinagar official, while quoting figures. He said the clinic treated 774 patients for dog bites in 2013 alone (from 1 Jan 2013 to 23 Mar 2013.
"There are many more cases registered in the valley. If the anti-rabies clinic at SMHS hospital registers 3000 cases a year on an average, the figure would be around 1000 in other districts," said a DHSK official. The ARC has also registered 20 deaths due to rabies in the past 5 years. "On an average, we at ARC record 2-3 deaths due to rabies every year. This is apart from deaths that take place at other places because the ARC is not the only centre registering such deaths," an ARC official said.
Despite the alarming rise in cases of dog bites, the government is yet to devise a concrete policy to address the menace. "In 2009 the ARC has recorded 2 deaths in 3 months, including of a 4-year-old child. Similarly in 2008, 2 deaths have taken place, including 12-year-old and CRPF personnel. "We have recorded two deaths in 2010 and 2011 as well. In 2010, a 6-year-old boy from Achabal (Islamabad) died due to rabies. Also a 65-year-old woman from the district also died due to rabies," the ARC official said. In 2011, a boy drowned in the river Jehlum when a group of dogs chased him near Zaina Kadal. According to officials, nearly half of the cases of dog bites happen to Class III bites, where the victim has one or further bites, scratches, licks on broken skin, or extra contact that breaks the skin.
The data furnished by the Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC) and the Census Department reveal that for every 13 persons in the valley, there is one stray dog, putting the [stray] dog-human ratio at 1:13. While a WHO-sponsored national multi-centric rabies survey (2006) says that on average the human-dog ratio in the country stands at 1:36, an SMC official said there were one lakh [a lakh equals 100 000] dogs in Srinagar alone. "There are 11 more districts whose dog population has not been counted. A dog starts reproducing at the age of 2 and gives birth to several puppies at one time," he said. At this rate, Srinagar will be engulfed by dogs, whose population is expected to cross 2 million by 2015, in comparison to the expected 1.4 million human population, said Dr Muhammad Salim Khan, a member of the Association for Prevention and Control of Rabies in India.
The WHO has suggested the dog-sterilization program would be successful only when carried out in a fast-track mode. The WHO standards recommend that around 70 percent of dogs should be sterilized within 3 months of the start of the process. And this, according to experts, is not logically possible in Srinagar given the huge number of packs of strays and the fact that the process has already hit roadblocks.
Community medicine experts say the rate of sterilisation of 10 dogs per day is too slow to contain the reproduction rate. "The dog sterilisation project has already cost the government much, and looking at the pace at which it is going, the problem seems to worsen in the coming years," said an official at the Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar. Last year [2012], former Chief Justice of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court Khalifullah Mir had directed the state government to take speedy measures to remove stray dogs from the roads and put them in dog pounds to be constructed on the city outskirts.
[Byline: Manzoor-ul-Hassan]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Kashmir is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today, Kashmir denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir (which consists of the divisions: the Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh), the Pakistani-administered Gilgit-Baltistan and the Azad Kashmir provinces, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. Srinagar is the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated in the Kashmir Valley and lies on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus. A map of Kashmir can be accessed at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir.
This press report comprises a bewildering array of statistics regarding the present and estimated future canine population of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir but few new proposals for effective control. The low number of human fatalities in relation to the large number of dog bites inflicted suggests that post-exposure treatment is well-organised or that the prevalence of canine rabies virus infection is low. Further information would be welcomed. - Mod.CP
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH.]
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Birgitt
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Tollwut in Indien - Jammu und Kashmir
RABIES - INDIA (04): (JAMMU AND KASHMIR) CANINE, HUMAN, COMMENT
***************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
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ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
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Date: Tue 26 Mar 2013
From: Lisa Warden [edited]
<lisa.warden@gmail.com>
Re: Rabies - India (03): (JK) canine, human 20130325.1602945
------------------------------------------------------
Some information: In 2011, we (ABC India) had received funding to conduct a rabies public education program and mass vaccination campaign in Kashmir. The authorities would not allow us to come in and conduct the campaign. (Permission is required as Srinagar is essentially under martial law.)
The numbers of dogs quoted in the *Greater Kashmir* article are grossly overstated. It is a common tactic employed by the local press to stir up anti-dog sentiment. Killing of dogs, though technically illegal in India and denied by Kashmiri authorities, continues there. Humane Society International completed a census of the dog population in Srinagar last year [2012] but has thus far refused to release the results.
--
Lisa Warden
<lisa.warden@gmail.com>
[Below are extracts from an article written by Lisa Warden, a former director of ABC India, for the Indian news magazine "Tehelka," which provides some relevant background (http://tehelka.com/doggyleaks-the-truth ... egligence/.
"First, dogs will never outnumber humans in Srinagar. Their population is relative to and dependent upon the human population, and will always be in keeping with the dog-to-human ratio found in the rest of India -- between one and 5 dogs to every 100 people. Secondly, Indian dogs only produce one litter per year, not 2. Third, the average life expectancy of street dogs in urban India, of dogs who survive to the age of one year, is 3.4 years (not 14-16 years as cited in the preceding article). Only one or 2 puppies per litter actually survive in places where the habitat is at full carrying capacity. Each habitat has a maximum number of dogs it can support -- which brings us to the question: why are there so many dogs in Srinagar? The answer is edible waste, and failure to implement WHO/AWBI-sanctioned methods for dog population and rabies control.
Last time I checked, public sanitation/waste disposal and public health were the responsibility of the government. The call for resumption of mass-killing of dogs in Srinagar is a knee-jerk reaction in response to nothing other than negligent governance.
Killing dogs, or their incarceration in pounds, simply does not work as a population-control policy. It has never worked anywhere it has been undertaken, even when the numbers of dogs killed or removed are in the tens of thousands, because dogs are so fertile that they simply repopulate the existing habitat in the subsequent breeding season. As long as there is a habitat, there will be dogs. And as long as that habitat is meat offal, dogs will be more aggressive in protecting their food source than if it were, say, dal and chapatis.
There is a solution to Kashmir's canine woes, and it is as follows: sterilisation of over 70 percent of free-roaming dogs (and not just a small pilot project), and waste disposal reform. This is the only scientifically proven approach to resolving the matter, and the only legal one.
Are sterilised dogs ever a menace? On occasion, and those that engage in unprovoked attacks on humans need to be removed from the population by people qualified to know the difference. However, the 2 most significant factors that result in dog bites -- migration and mating -- are actually exacerbated by killing and/or impounding of dogs, and/or failing at the sterilisation project.
Sterilisation drastically reduces incidences of dog bites by eliminating maternal aggression and fights during mating. It also reduces the number of dogs. Are Kashmir's various municipal authorities going to get on with addressing the problem by cleaning up the ubiquitous slaughter waste and sterilising over 70 percent of the dogs -- a task for which various groups and agencies have bent over backwards to offer assistance, by the way -- or will they continue scapegoating dogs and animal activists in a disingenuous attempt to cover up their own shambolic governance."
A map of Kashmir can be accessed at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir. - Mod.CP]
***************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Tue 26 Mar 2013
From: Lisa Warden [edited]
<lisa.warden@gmail.com>
Re: Rabies - India (03): (JK) canine, human 20130325.1602945
------------------------------------------------------
Some information: In 2011, we (ABC India) had received funding to conduct a rabies public education program and mass vaccination campaign in Kashmir. The authorities would not allow us to come in and conduct the campaign. (Permission is required as Srinagar is essentially under martial law.)
The numbers of dogs quoted in the *Greater Kashmir* article are grossly overstated. It is a common tactic employed by the local press to stir up anti-dog sentiment. Killing of dogs, though technically illegal in India and denied by Kashmiri authorities, continues there. Humane Society International completed a census of the dog population in Srinagar last year [2012] but has thus far refused to release the results.
--
Lisa Warden
<lisa.warden@gmail.com>
[Below are extracts from an article written by Lisa Warden, a former director of ABC India, for the Indian news magazine "Tehelka," which provides some relevant background (http://tehelka.com/doggyleaks-the-truth ... egligence/.
"First, dogs will never outnumber humans in Srinagar. Their population is relative to and dependent upon the human population, and will always be in keeping with the dog-to-human ratio found in the rest of India -- between one and 5 dogs to every 100 people. Secondly, Indian dogs only produce one litter per year, not 2. Third, the average life expectancy of street dogs in urban India, of dogs who survive to the age of one year, is 3.4 years (not 14-16 years as cited in the preceding article). Only one or 2 puppies per litter actually survive in places where the habitat is at full carrying capacity. Each habitat has a maximum number of dogs it can support -- which brings us to the question: why are there so many dogs in Srinagar? The answer is edible waste, and failure to implement WHO/AWBI-sanctioned methods for dog population and rabies control.
Last time I checked, public sanitation/waste disposal and public health were the responsibility of the government. The call for resumption of mass-killing of dogs in Srinagar is a knee-jerk reaction in response to nothing other than negligent governance.
Killing dogs, or their incarceration in pounds, simply does not work as a population-control policy. It has never worked anywhere it has been undertaken, even when the numbers of dogs killed or removed are in the tens of thousands, because dogs are so fertile that they simply repopulate the existing habitat in the subsequent breeding season. As long as there is a habitat, there will be dogs. And as long as that habitat is meat offal, dogs will be more aggressive in protecting their food source than if it were, say, dal and chapatis.
There is a solution to Kashmir's canine woes, and it is as follows: sterilisation of over 70 percent of free-roaming dogs (and not just a small pilot project), and waste disposal reform. This is the only scientifically proven approach to resolving the matter, and the only legal one.
Are sterilised dogs ever a menace? On occasion, and those that engage in unprovoked attacks on humans need to be removed from the population by people qualified to know the difference. However, the 2 most significant factors that result in dog bites -- migration and mating -- are actually exacerbated by killing and/or impounding of dogs, and/or failing at the sterilisation project.
Sterilisation drastically reduces incidences of dog bites by eliminating maternal aggression and fights during mating. It also reduces the number of dogs. Are Kashmir's various municipal authorities going to get on with addressing the problem by cleaning up the ubiquitous slaughter waste and sterilising over 70 percent of the dogs -- a task for which various groups and agencies have bent over backwards to offer assistance, by the way -- or will they continue scapegoating dogs and animal activists in a disingenuous attempt to cover up their own shambolic governance."
A map of Kashmir can be accessed at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir. - Mod.CP]
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Birgitt
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Japanische Enzephalitis in Indien
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS AND OTHER - INDIA
***************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Mon 1 Apr 2013
From: Ronan Kelly <ronankelly@comcast.net> [edited]
[Re: Encephalitis - Bangladesh, RFI]
Encephalitis cases have already been reported from Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal in India this year, totalling 228 cases and 49 fatalities up to 19 Mar 2013. Of those cases, 7, all from West Bengal, were classified as Japanese encephalitis [virus infections]. FluTrackers is maintaining a thread with details here: http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/showth ... p?t=197496.
--
Ronan Kelly
<ronankelly@comcast.net>
[The moderator statement in ProMED-mail post 20130401.1613261 concerning the season of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus transmission this year (2013) is incorrect, since there are cases in nearby India already in 2013. That makes the diagnosis of the encephalitis cases in Bangladesh more urgent, as a JE virus vaccination campaign may be needed if these cases turn out to be due to that virus.
ProMED thanks Ronan Kelly for providing this additional information. - Mod.TY]
[The final diagnosis in Bangladesh was Nipah encephalitis -- see new post today, 2 Apr 2013. - Mod.JW
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1yvE.]
***************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Mon 1 Apr 2013
From: Ronan Kelly <ronankelly@comcast.net> [edited]
[Re: Encephalitis - Bangladesh, RFI]
Encephalitis cases have already been reported from Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal in India this year, totalling 228 cases and 49 fatalities up to 19 Mar 2013. Of those cases, 7, all from West Bengal, were classified as Japanese encephalitis [virus infections]. FluTrackers is maintaining a thread with details here: http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/showth ... p?t=197496.
--
Ronan Kelly
<ronankelly@comcast.net>
[The moderator statement in ProMED-mail post 20130401.1613261 concerning the season of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus transmission this year (2013) is incorrect, since there are cases in nearby India already in 2013. That makes the diagnosis of the encephalitis cases in Bangladesh more urgent, as a JE virus vaccination campaign may be needed if these cases turn out to be due to that virus.
ProMED thanks Ronan Kelly for providing this additional information. - Mod.TY]
[The final diagnosis in Bangladesh was Nipah encephalitis -- see new post today, 2 Apr 2013. - Mod.JW
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1yvE.]
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Birgitt
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Denguefieber in Indien
DENGUE/DHF UPDATE (28): ASIA
*************************************
A ProMED-mail post
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India
- Idukki district, Kerala state. 2 Apr 2013. Dengue more than 50 cases. Increasing.
http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-b ... d=11565535
[Maps of India can be seen at http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm and http://healthmap.org/r/6epr. - Mod.TY]
*****
DENGUE - WORLDWIDE
******************
A ProMED-mail post
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******
India and worldwide
Date: Mon 8 Apr 2013
Source: The Hindu [edited]
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health ... 592098.ece
Dengue, the world's most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease, is taking a far bigger human toll than was believed to be the case. As many as 390 million people across the globe could be falling victim to the virus each year, according to a multinational study published by Nature on Sunday [7 Apr 2013].
India emerges in the analysis as the country with the world's highest dengue burden, with about 34 per cent of all such cases occurring here.
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), incidence of dengue has shot up 30 fold in the past 50 years. Its estimate has been that globally there were 50-100 million dengue infections taking place annually.
For their study, Samir Bhatt at the University of Oxford and his colleagues used a map-based approach to model how many dengue cases were occurring in various parts of the world, thereby capturing its global distribution.
They estimated that worldwide, 96 million people suffered each year from 'apparent infections' where the disease was severe enough to disrupt an individual's regular routine. In addition, there were 294 million asymptomatic infections.
With "large swathes of densely populated regions coinciding with very high suitability for disease transmission," Asia bore 70 per cent of the apparent infections that took place, the scientists pointed out in the paper.
Africa contributed about 16 per cent of the global dengue infections and the Americas 14 per cent.
"I consider it to be the most comprehensive study of dengue disease burden to date," said Duane J Gubler, an internationally known expert on the disease, when asked for his views on the Nature paper. The study's estimate of 390 million infections was "much closer to the actual figure than the 50 million WHO is still using," observed Professor Gubler, who is now with the Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School in Singapore. "Considering that mosquito control has failed in all dengue-endemic countries, that over half of the world's population now lives in urban areas, and that dengue is an urban disease, even that number may be too low," he said in an e-mail.
The study estimated that India had the largest number of dengue cases, with about 33 million apparent and another 100 million asymptomatic infections occurring annually.
However "these are estimates and there are many gaps which we now need to fill," cautioned Jeremy Farrar, a senior author of the study, in an e-mail. "But it would not surprise me that India was home to the most dengue [patients] globally."
The model used in the study could help provide a framework to estimate the burden of disease. Inevitably, there were gaps in the data and one needed to extrapolate from other areas. Better data collection should be encouraged so that the estimates were as accurate as possible, said Professor Farrar, who is director of the Wellcome Trust Vietnam Research Programme and Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Viet Nam.
"We have a tremendous problem of dengue all over India," said Umesh C Chaturvedi, agreeing with the finding of the paper. A virologist who has studied the disease, he is a scientific consultant to the Indian Council of Medical Research.
[Byline: N Gopal Raj]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail Rapporteur Kunihiko Iizuka
[This ground breaking study underscores dengue as an increasing public health problem in the tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. Although the study's estimate that there are 3 times more dengue cases worldwide than the WHO estimates is not surprising, the study indicates that there is significant underreporting from areas such as India and Africa. Interestingly, ProMED-mail receives limited reports of dengue cases in India and very few from Africa. This moderator has speculated that this is due to lack of effective surveillance backed by laboratory support. The Nature study suggests that this is the case. It will be interesting to see if better surveillance occurs going forward as a result of raised awareness. Development of dengue vaccines and better vector control measures currently underway will continue.
ProMED-mail thanks Kunihiko Iizuka for sending in the reports in Nature and in the Hindu. - Mod.TY]
.................................................sb/mpp/ty/mj/mpp
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India
- Idukki district, Kerala state. 2 Apr 2013. Dengue more than 50 cases. Increasing.
http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-b ... d=11565535
[Maps of India can be seen at http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm and http://healthmap.org/r/6epr. - Mod.TY]
*****
DENGUE - WORLDWIDE
******************
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India and worldwide
Date: Mon 8 Apr 2013
Source: The Hindu [edited]
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health ... 592098.ece
Dengue, the world's most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease, is taking a far bigger human toll than was believed to be the case. As many as 390 million people across the globe could be falling victim to the virus each year, according to a multinational study published by Nature on Sunday [7 Apr 2013].
India emerges in the analysis as the country with the world's highest dengue burden, with about 34 per cent of all such cases occurring here.
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), incidence of dengue has shot up 30 fold in the past 50 years. Its estimate has been that globally there were 50-100 million dengue infections taking place annually.
For their study, Samir Bhatt at the University of Oxford and his colleagues used a map-based approach to model how many dengue cases were occurring in various parts of the world, thereby capturing its global distribution.
They estimated that worldwide, 96 million people suffered each year from 'apparent infections' where the disease was severe enough to disrupt an individual's regular routine. In addition, there were 294 million asymptomatic infections.
With "large swathes of densely populated regions coinciding with very high suitability for disease transmission," Asia bore 70 per cent of the apparent infections that took place, the scientists pointed out in the paper.
Africa contributed about 16 per cent of the global dengue infections and the Americas 14 per cent.
"I consider it to be the most comprehensive study of dengue disease burden to date," said Duane J Gubler, an internationally known expert on the disease, when asked for his views on the Nature paper. The study's estimate of 390 million infections was "much closer to the actual figure than the 50 million WHO is still using," observed Professor Gubler, who is now with the Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School in Singapore. "Considering that mosquito control has failed in all dengue-endemic countries, that over half of the world's population now lives in urban areas, and that dengue is an urban disease, even that number may be too low," he said in an e-mail.
The study estimated that India had the largest number of dengue cases, with about 33 million apparent and another 100 million asymptomatic infections occurring annually.
However "these are estimates and there are many gaps which we now need to fill," cautioned Jeremy Farrar, a senior author of the study, in an e-mail. "But it would not surprise me that India was home to the most dengue [patients] globally."
The model used in the study could help provide a framework to estimate the burden of disease. Inevitably, there were gaps in the data and one needed to extrapolate from other areas. Better data collection should be encouraged so that the estimates were as accurate as possible, said Professor Farrar, who is director of the Wellcome Trust Vietnam Research Programme and Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Viet Nam.
"We have a tremendous problem of dengue all over India," said Umesh C Chaturvedi, agreeing with the finding of the paper. A virologist who has studied the disease, he is a scientific consultant to the Indian Council of Medical Research.
[Byline: N Gopal Raj]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail Rapporteur Kunihiko Iizuka
[This ground breaking study underscores dengue as an increasing public health problem in the tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. Although the study's estimate that there are 3 times more dengue cases worldwide than the WHO estimates is not surprising, the study indicates that there is significant underreporting from areas such as India and Africa. Interestingly, ProMED-mail receives limited reports of dengue cases in India and very few from Africa. This moderator has speculated that this is due to lack of effective surveillance backed by laboratory support. The Nature study suggests that this is the case. It will be interesting to see if better surveillance occurs going forward as a result of raised awareness. Development of dengue vaccines and better vector control measures currently underway will continue.
ProMED-mail thanks Kunihiko Iizuka for sending in the reports in Nature and in the Hindu. - Mod.TY]
.................................................sb/mpp/ty/mj/mpp
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Unbekannte Krankheit in Indien - Jammu und Kashmir
UNDIAGNOSED ILLNESS, CHILDREN - INDIA: (JAMMU AND KASHMIR) REQUEST FOR INFORMATION
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Date: Tue 9 Apr 2013
Source: Greater Kashmir, Srinagar [edited]
http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013 ... age-92.asp
A viral disease is believed to have hit Kambar village in the Rafiabad area of Baramulla district [Jammu and Kashmir] after around 130 people most of them children in the age group of 2-12 years fell sick during the past 3 days.
These patients had been diagnosed with fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, nausea and even some had redness in eyes. "The symptoms seem of some viral disease, however, actual cause of the sickness can be determined only through various investigations," said a medical officer on the spot. Around 12 patients in the age group of 5-10 were admitted in the Baramulla district hospital for specialized treatment and their condition is stated to be stable. "We have received 12 patients with fever some of them also complaining of abdominal pain and few had redness in eyes. They are all stable now," said Bashir Ahmad Chalkoo, Medical Superintendent, District Hospital Baramulla.
The incident has caused panic not only in Kamber village where around 130 people are diagnosed with the disease but also in several adjacent villages. The entire village of Kamber is worried over the sickness of children. The locals claim that if it is a viral disease why most of the patients are children. According to reports around 50 sick children are studying in Government Middle School Kamber, while some of the children belong to the local ICDS [Integrated Child Development Services] Centre. Locals claim that the mid-day meals provided in the school were adulterated [contaminated] and can be the cause of sickness of their children. However, chief education officer termed the allegation baseless. "If mid-day meals is the cause then why entire village is in the grip of disease. Not only children attending government schools but scores of other children in the village have also fallen sick," said Rouf Ahmad, Chief Education Officer Baramulla. Meanwhile, medical teams from directorate of health services and district hospital Baramulla rushed to the spot to provide medical aid to the patients.
"A team of integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) has also reached the spot and collected water samples to determine the cause of disease. The department of food safety has also collected food samples from the local ICDS centre and school," said chief medical officer Baramulla, Dr Abdul Rashid. Senior PDP [People's Democratic Party] leader and former minister Muhammad Dillawar Mir has demanded an enquiry into the outbreak of the viral disease and fixing responsibility for the same.
[Byline: Altaf Baba]
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[The symptoms of the illness are predominantly gastrointestinal and the wide age range of the affected children suggests an environmental source rather than infection by any of the common diseases of childhood. There is no direct evidence that the outbreak is due to virus infection. Further information on the course of the outbreak and progress in its identification would be appreciated.
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of India and Jammu and Kashmir state can be seen at http://healthmap.org/r/1_IS. Baramulla is a city and municipality in Baramulla district in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is located on the banks of Jhelum river downstream of Srinagar, the capital city of the state. A map of Kashmir showing the location of Baramulla can be located at http://www.topnews.in/files/state-map-jk_0.jpg. - Mod.CP]
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Date: Tue 9 Apr 2013
Source: Greater Kashmir, Srinagar [edited]
http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013 ... age-92.asp
A viral disease is believed to have hit Kambar village in the Rafiabad area of Baramulla district [Jammu and Kashmir] after around 130 people most of them children in the age group of 2-12 years fell sick during the past 3 days.
These patients had been diagnosed with fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, nausea and even some had redness in eyes. "The symptoms seem of some viral disease, however, actual cause of the sickness can be determined only through various investigations," said a medical officer on the spot. Around 12 patients in the age group of 5-10 were admitted in the Baramulla district hospital for specialized treatment and their condition is stated to be stable. "We have received 12 patients with fever some of them also complaining of abdominal pain and few had redness in eyes. They are all stable now," said Bashir Ahmad Chalkoo, Medical Superintendent, District Hospital Baramulla.
The incident has caused panic not only in Kamber village where around 130 people are diagnosed with the disease but also in several adjacent villages. The entire village of Kamber is worried over the sickness of children. The locals claim that if it is a viral disease why most of the patients are children. According to reports around 50 sick children are studying in Government Middle School Kamber, while some of the children belong to the local ICDS [Integrated Child Development Services] Centre. Locals claim that the mid-day meals provided in the school were adulterated [contaminated] and can be the cause of sickness of their children. However, chief education officer termed the allegation baseless. "If mid-day meals is the cause then why entire village is in the grip of disease. Not only children attending government schools but scores of other children in the village have also fallen sick," said Rouf Ahmad, Chief Education Officer Baramulla. Meanwhile, medical teams from directorate of health services and district hospital Baramulla rushed to the spot to provide medical aid to the patients.
"A team of integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) has also reached the spot and collected water samples to determine the cause of disease. The department of food safety has also collected food samples from the local ICDS centre and school," said chief medical officer Baramulla, Dr Abdul Rashid. Senior PDP [People's Democratic Party] leader and former minister Muhammad Dillawar Mir has demanded an enquiry into the outbreak of the viral disease and fixing responsibility for the same.
[Byline: Altaf Baba]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The symptoms of the illness are predominantly gastrointestinal and the wide age range of the affected children suggests an environmental source rather than infection by any of the common diseases of childhood. There is no direct evidence that the outbreak is due to virus infection. Further information on the course of the outbreak and progress in its identification would be appreciated.
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of India and Jammu and Kashmir state can be seen at http://healthmap.org/r/1_IS. Baramulla is a city and municipality in Baramulla district in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is located on the banks of Jhelum river downstream of Srinagar, the capital city of the state. A map of Kashmir showing the location of Baramulla can be located at http://www.topnews.in/files/state-map-jk_0.jpg. - Mod.CP]
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Japanische Enzephalitis in Indien
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS AND OTHER - INDIA (02): (UTTAR PRADESH, BIHAR)
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Date: Wed 10 Apr 2013
Source: The Times of India [TOI], Times News Network (TNN) [edited]
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes ... cephalitis
Encephalitis normally makes its presence felt during monsoons. However, this time, acute encephalitis has claimed 38 lives and affected 118 persons even before the onset of the disease season. This despite chief secretary Jawed Usmani issuing repeated directives to the state health department and officials posted in the districts to initiate preventive measures.
Encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain caused by microbial agents such as bacteria and viruses. The cause of infection in [Indian] eastern districts of Uttar Pradesh [UP] and parts of Bihar, and Nepal is virus in 98 per cent of the patients. Encephalitis has killed children for [a] long [time], but the documentation work began in the mid 1970s. Earlier, the Arbo-B virus [flavivirus] was the cause of encephalitis and the disease was called Japanese encephalitis. After extensive vaccination campaigns, the incidence of Japanese encephalitis subsided. Still children continue to die. Researches have shown that the cause of encephalitis in about 45 per cent of the cases is not known.
Statistics gathered from the health department show that of the total cases, 103 patients belonged to UP of whom 34 died. Bihar accounted for the remaining 14 cases and 4 deaths. A patient from Nepal is also undergoing treatment at the Baba Raghav Das Medical College of Gorakhpur [Uttar Pradesh]. Kushinagar turned out to be the worst affected district so far, but Gorakhpur has seen the maximum deaths.
In Kushinagar, as many as 30 cases and 10 deaths have been reported while in Gorakhpur, 12 of the 23 patients suffering with acute encephalitis have died. What has pressed the panic button for the health department officials is that the case fatality rate for the 1st quarter of 2013 is significantly higher than that in 2012. Case fatality rate refers to the number of patients who die against those admitted. In the 1st quarter of 2012, as many as 26.9 per cent of the children suffering from AES [acute encephalitis syndrome] died, a growth of 33 per cent in 2013. Doctors at the communicable diseases unit of state health directorate believe that by the end of the year, the case fatality rate will subside.
The only silver lining is that the number of cases of Japanese encephalitis [has declined]. Experts at the Gorakhpur unit of National Institute of Virology give credit to the special vaccination drive against JE [Japanese encephalitis] for the low number of cases. Still as these children struggle for life, staff employed in the hospital attended them calmly. "The season is yet to begin. Come in August or September to know what the encephalitis epidemic looks like," a medical officer told TOI.
Senior faculty members at the BRD Medical College stated that the cause of encephalitis in about 45 per cent is not known. But in an equal proportion of children, strains of enterovirus are causing disease.
Enterovirus[es are in] a large family divided into 4, like: echo, coxsackie-B, polio, and human enterovirus (HEV). It [enteroviruses] is normally associated with polio [controlled in India. - Mod.TY], and is largely found in human excreta.
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<promed@promedmail.org>
[The appearance of encephalitis, often termed acute encephalitis syndrome in India, this early in the year is of concern. One hopes that this is not a harbinger of an unusually large outbreak to come when the monsoon season arrives. Interestingly, cases of encephalitis have occurred this year (2013) in several locations in eastern India. A 1 Apr 2013 ProMED-mail post (archive no. 20130402.1615081) stated, "Encephalitis cases have already been reported from Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal in India this year, totalling 228 cases and 49 fatalities up to 19 Mar 2013. Of those cases, 7, all from West Bengal, were classified as Japanese encephalitis [virus infections]." There have also been cases in neighboring Bangladesh this year (2013).
Without knowing the specific etiology of these encephalitis cases, targeted control measures will not be possible. Fortunately, the effective Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine provides an opportunity for prevention of some of these cases if applied before the main transmission season arrives. No mention is made in the report above if such vaccination campaign is planned.
Maps of India can be seen at http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm and http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH. - Mod.TY]
********************************************************************
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Date: Wed 10 Apr 2013
Source: The Times of India [TOI], Times News Network (TNN) [edited]
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes ... cephalitis
Encephalitis normally makes its presence felt during monsoons. However, this time, acute encephalitis has claimed 38 lives and affected 118 persons even before the onset of the disease season. This despite chief secretary Jawed Usmani issuing repeated directives to the state health department and officials posted in the districts to initiate preventive measures.
Encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain caused by microbial agents such as bacteria and viruses. The cause of infection in [Indian] eastern districts of Uttar Pradesh [UP] and parts of Bihar, and Nepal is virus in 98 per cent of the patients. Encephalitis has killed children for [a] long [time], but the documentation work began in the mid 1970s. Earlier, the Arbo-B virus [flavivirus] was the cause of encephalitis and the disease was called Japanese encephalitis. After extensive vaccination campaigns, the incidence of Japanese encephalitis subsided. Still children continue to die. Researches have shown that the cause of encephalitis in about 45 per cent of the cases is not known.
Statistics gathered from the health department show that of the total cases, 103 patients belonged to UP of whom 34 died. Bihar accounted for the remaining 14 cases and 4 deaths. A patient from Nepal is also undergoing treatment at the Baba Raghav Das Medical College of Gorakhpur [Uttar Pradesh]. Kushinagar turned out to be the worst affected district so far, but Gorakhpur has seen the maximum deaths.
In Kushinagar, as many as 30 cases and 10 deaths have been reported while in Gorakhpur, 12 of the 23 patients suffering with acute encephalitis have died. What has pressed the panic button for the health department officials is that the case fatality rate for the 1st quarter of 2013 is significantly higher than that in 2012. Case fatality rate refers to the number of patients who die against those admitted. In the 1st quarter of 2012, as many as 26.9 per cent of the children suffering from AES [acute encephalitis syndrome] died, a growth of 33 per cent in 2013. Doctors at the communicable diseases unit of state health directorate believe that by the end of the year, the case fatality rate will subside.
The only silver lining is that the number of cases of Japanese encephalitis [has declined]. Experts at the Gorakhpur unit of National Institute of Virology give credit to the special vaccination drive against JE [Japanese encephalitis] for the low number of cases. Still as these children struggle for life, staff employed in the hospital attended them calmly. "The season is yet to begin. Come in August or September to know what the encephalitis epidemic looks like," a medical officer told TOI.
Senior faculty members at the BRD Medical College stated that the cause of encephalitis in about 45 per cent is not known. But in an equal proportion of children, strains of enterovirus are causing disease.
Enterovirus[es are in] a large family divided into 4, like: echo, coxsackie-B, polio, and human enterovirus (HEV). It [enteroviruses] is normally associated with polio [controlled in India. - Mod.TY], and is largely found in human excreta.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The appearance of encephalitis, often termed acute encephalitis syndrome in India, this early in the year is of concern. One hopes that this is not a harbinger of an unusually large outbreak to come when the monsoon season arrives. Interestingly, cases of encephalitis have occurred this year (2013) in several locations in eastern India. A 1 Apr 2013 ProMED-mail post (archive no. 20130402.1615081) stated, "Encephalitis cases have already been reported from Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal in India this year, totalling 228 cases and 49 fatalities up to 19 Mar 2013. Of those cases, 7, all from West Bengal, were classified as Japanese encephalitis [virus infections]." There have also been cases in neighboring Bangladesh this year (2013).
Without knowing the specific etiology of these encephalitis cases, targeted control measures will not be possible. Fortunately, the effective Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine provides an opportunity for prevention of some of these cases if applied before the main transmission season arrives. No mention is made in the report above if such vaccination campaign is planned.
Maps of India can be seen at http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm and http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH. - Mod.TY]
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Denguefieber in Indien
DENGUE/DHF UPDATE (30): ASIA
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- India (Tamil Nadu state).
Date: Tue 9 Apr 2013.
Source: Times of India [edited]
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 450605.cms
Dengue as of 24 Mar 2013, 4634 cases; Increasing; District affected: Coimbatore 299 cases.
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[Maps of India can be seen at http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm and http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH. - Mod.TY]
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- India (Tamil Nadu state).
Date: Tue 9 Apr 2013.
Source: Times of India [edited]
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 450605.cms
Dengue as of 24 Mar 2013, 4634 cases; Increasing; District affected: Coimbatore 299 cases.
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[Maps of India can be seen at http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm and http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH. - Mod.TY]
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Cholera in Indien
CHOLERA, DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY UPDATE (13): ASIA
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Cholera - India (Gujarat)
Date: Wed 10 Apr 2013
Source: Daily Bhaskar, Daily News and Analysis (DNA) report [summ., edited]
http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/GUJ-AH ... 1-NOR.html
A class-II student of Asarwa [a colony in Ahmedabad] Hindi School No 9, died of diarrhea at her home on Sun [7 Apr 2013]. In all, 32 children studying in the municipal primary schools located in the same building as the deceased's school are also ill with diarrhoea and vomiting since Sat [6 Apr 2013]. Of these, 9 kids had to be hospitalised when their condition began to deteriorate. It is suspected that the children had fallen ill after consuming impure drinking water at their school.
It is not known whether the student died of cholera but the medical report of the one of the 6 children admitted in civil hospital has confirmed that she is suffering from the dreaded water-borne disease. This has given rise to suspicion that cholera could have caused the death as well.
Another 31 children, who live in different areas of Asarwa, also complained of vomiting and diarrhea. Of the 8 children admitted in hospital, 6 are in civil hospital while 2 others are in private establishments. Sources said that the condition of some of them had deteriorated.
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[Maps of India can be seen at http://www.mapsofindia.com/ and http://healthmap.org/r/1iSU. - Mod.LL]
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Cholera - India (Gujarat)
Date: Wed 10 Apr 2013
Source: Daily Bhaskar, Daily News and Analysis (DNA) report [summ., edited]
http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/GUJ-AH ... 1-NOR.html
A class-II student of Asarwa [a colony in Ahmedabad] Hindi School No 9, died of diarrhea at her home on Sun [7 Apr 2013]. In all, 32 children studying in the municipal primary schools located in the same building as the deceased's school are also ill with diarrhoea and vomiting since Sat [6 Apr 2013]. Of these, 9 kids had to be hospitalised when their condition began to deteriorate. It is suspected that the children had fallen ill after consuming impure drinking water at their school.
It is not known whether the student died of cholera but the medical report of the one of the 6 children admitted in civil hospital has confirmed that she is suffering from the dreaded water-borne disease. This has given rise to suspicion that cholera could have caused the death as well.
Another 31 children, who live in different areas of Asarwa, also complained of vomiting and diarrhea. Of the 8 children admitted in hospital, 6 are in civil hospital while 2 others are in private establishments. Sources said that the condition of some of them had deteriorated.
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[Maps of India can be seen at http://www.mapsofindia.com/ and http://healthmap.org/r/1iSU. - Mod.LL]
