Cholera in Zimbabwe
02.12.2008 - WHO
As of 1 December 2008, the Ministry of Health in Zimbabwe has reported a total of 11 735 cholera cases with 484 deaths since August 2008, affecting all provinces in the country. The overall case fatality rate is 4% but has reached up to 20–30% in remote areas. Out of the total number of cases, 50% have been reported from Budiriro, a high density suburb of the capital city, Harare. Beitbridge, a town bordering South Africa, has reported 26% of all cases. In the last two days, two additional areas have been affected: Chegutu (in Mashonaland West province) and Mvuma (in Midlands province). Reports have also been received from the Ministries of Health in neighbouring countries confirming cholera cases have occurred in Musina (South Africa), Palm Tree (Botswana) and Guro district (Mozambique).
Cholera outbreaks have become more frequent in Zimbabwe since the early 1990s. However, with the exception of the large outbreaks that occurred in 1999 and 2002, the disease has been kept under control through intensified prevention and preparedness activities.
Cholera is mainly transmitted through contaminated water and food and is closely linked to inadequate environmental management. Recent interruptions to the water supplies, together with overcrowding, are aggravating factors in this epidemic. ZINWA (Zimbabwe National Water Authority) has pledged to correct the water supply and sewage system as a matter of urgency.
The Ministry of Health and WHO, together with its health sector partners (UNICEF, IOM, OXFAM-GB, Medecins du Monde, ICRC, ACF, MSF‐Spain - Holland & Luxemburg, Plan International, GOAL, Save the Children-UK and others), have established a comprehensive and coordinated cholera response operational plan to address the needs of the population in the affected areas, emphasizing a multi-sectoral response. WHO is procuring emergency stocks of supplies to meet identified gaps and is deploying a full outbreak investigation and response team, including epidemiologists, water and sanitation engineers and social mobilization specialists. In addition, an epidemiologist and three data managers from the WHO Inter-country Support Team in Harare are assisting the WHO Country Office in data monitoring, analysis and mapping.
Communities are being encouraged to protect themselves against cholera by adhering to proper food safety practices as well as to good personal hygiene. Early rehydration at home by using oral rehydration salts is paramount to diminishing mortality.
Mass chemoprophylaxis with antibiotics is strongly discouraged, as it has no effect on the spread of cholera, can have adverse effects by increasing antimicrobial resistance and provides a false sense of security.
Once an outbreak has started, WHO does not recommend the use of the current internationally available WHO prequalified oral cholera vaccine. This is due to its 2-dose regimen, the time required to reach protective efficacy and the high cost and heavy logistics associated with its use.
The use of the parenteral cholera vaccine has never been recommended by WHO due to its low protective efficacy and the occurrence of severe adverse events.
In controlling the spread of cholera, WHO does not recommend any special restrictions to travel or trade to or from affected areas. However, neighbouring countries are encouraged to strengthen their active surveillance and preparedness systems.
Aktuelle Epidemien in Afrika
Moderator: Moderatoren
Malaria in Uganda
Uganda: Malaria
25-11-2008
Rubrik : Epidemiologische Aktualitäten
Aus der Region des Kyoga Lake in Uganda wird über eine zunehmende Anzahl von Malaria-Fällen berichtet. Im Distrikt Lira wurden während einer Woche rund 2'000 Fälle registriert. Der Ausbruch wird laut lokalen Gesundheitsbehörden durch eine schlecht kontrollierte, hohe Moskitodichte und eine ungenügende Verbreitung von behandelten Moskitonetzen in der Bevölkerung begünstigt.
Folgen für den Reisenden
Risiko hoch. Eine medikamentöse Malariaprophylaxe und ein nächtlicher Mückenschutz werden im ganzen Land empfohlen.
Ref.: IRIN News, 25.11.2008.
25-11-2008
Rubrik : Epidemiologische Aktualitäten
Aus der Region des Kyoga Lake in Uganda wird über eine zunehmende Anzahl von Malaria-Fällen berichtet. Im Distrikt Lira wurden während einer Woche rund 2'000 Fälle registriert. Der Ausbruch wird laut lokalen Gesundheitsbehörden durch eine schlecht kontrollierte, hohe Moskitodichte und eine ungenügende Verbreitung von behandelten Moskitonetzen in der Bevölkerung begünstigt.
Folgen für den Reisenden
Risiko hoch. Eine medikamentöse Malariaprophylaxe und ein nächtlicher Mückenschutz werden im ganzen Land empfohlen.
Ref.: IRIN News, 25.11.2008.
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35366
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Re: Aktuelle Epidemien in Afrika
Simbabwe - Darminfektionen
05.12.2008
Risiko für Durchfallerkrankungen landesweit. Der seit August anhaltende Cholera-Ausbruch hat sich weiter ausgebreitet. Betroffen sind v.a. Harare, Nyamapanda, Chinhoyi und Kariba. Bis Anfang Dezember erkrankten mehr als 12.000 Personen, wovon 565 verstarben. Simbabwe hat inzwischen den nationalen Notstand ausgerufen. Aufgrund der anhaltenden Sommerregenfälle ist mit einer weiteren Ausweitung der Epidemie zu rechnen. Hygiene beachten. Risikoreisende sollten geimpft werden. / Quelle: crm
05.12.2008
Risiko für Durchfallerkrankungen landesweit. Der seit August anhaltende Cholera-Ausbruch hat sich weiter ausgebreitet. Betroffen sind v.a. Harare, Nyamapanda, Chinhoyi und Kariba. Bis Anfang Dezember erkrankten mehr als 12.000 Personen, wovon 565 verstarben. Simbabwe hat inzwischen den nationalen Notstand ausgerufen. Aufgrund der anhaltenden Sommerregenfälle ist mit einer weiteren Ausweitung der Epidemie zu rechnen. Hygiene beachten. Risikoreisende sollten geimpft werden. / Quelle: crm
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Birgitt
- Moderator
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- Kontaktdaten:
Re: Aktuelle Epidemien in Afrika
VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVER - BRAZIL (03): (RIO DE JANEIRO) EX SOUTH AFRICA
***********************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
Date: Thu 4 Dec 2008
Source: Agence France-Presse (AFP) [edited]
<http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/ar ... lOhAvN9TmQ>
Brazil death unlikely to be linked to SA [South Africa] outbreak
----------------------------------------------------------------
South African health experts said Thursday [4 Dec 2008] that a
mystery illness that killed a local man in Brazil this week was
unlikely to be linked to a recent outbreak of deadly haemorrhagic
[fever] virus in Johannesburg. The 53-year-old man, who died Tuesday
[2 Dec 2008] in Rio de Janeiro, had an operation in mid-October
[2008] at a Johannesburg hospital, which treated several cases of a
new arenavirus strain, which killed 4 people.
But South Africa's National Institute for Communicable Diseases,
which is working with their Brazilian counterparts, said it was
unlikely that he had been infected with the same virus. "He did not
have contact with any of the patients who had the arenavirus
infection," said Lucille Blumberg, the institute's deputy director.
"The time from any possible exposure to the virus to the development
of symptoms ... would be less than 21 days, and the time from his
admission there to development of his current illness is in excess of
this period." Tests for the arenavirus conducted at the US Centres
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta would "definitely
exclude the diagnosis," Blumberg said.
Rio de Janeiro's state health ministry said the man, whose name was
not released, died Tuesday [2 Dec 2008] after falling ill on 25 Nov
2008, 2 days after arriving in Brazil to attend conferences. He was
taken to hospital with fever, vomiting, blood in his urine, and
rashes. Doctors suspected he had contracted an arenavirus, a highly
contagious group of viruses that includes Lassa fever, an infection
endemic to West Africa that typically spreads to humans from
proximity to rodents or from infected people's secretions. "While the
cause of his illness is not at this stage known, investigations are
ongoing to define a case," Blumberg said.
The recent arenavirus scare in South Africa was first identified in a
woman airlifted from Zambia, and also killed a member of the medical
staff who accompanied her, a nurse and a hospital cleaner.
--
Communicated by:
HealthMap Alerts via ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[It is becoming increasingly unlikely that the South African patient
who died in hospital in Brazil had contracted a viral haemorrhagic
fever in the Johannesburg hospital where he had been a patient in
mid-October (2008) at a time when there was an outbreak of viral
haemorrhagic fever caused by a novel (previously uncharacterised)
arenavirus. Nosocomial transmission of the novel arenavirus (still to
receive a name) is unlikely in view of the lapse of time between
possible exposure to the virus and the patient's onset of illness.
The nature of the patient's illness when hospitalised in
Johannesburg, however, has not been disclosed and may be relevant.
The outcome of laboratory tests now in progress is awaited.
Rio de Janeiro can be located on the HealthMap/ProMED-mail
interactive map of Brazil at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?v=-10.8,-53.1,4>
and Johannesburgh on the map of South Africa at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?v=-29,25.1,5>. - Mod.CP]
***********************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
Date: Thu 4 Dec 2008
Source: Agence France-Presse (AFP) [edited]
<http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/ar ... lOhAvN9TmQ>
Brazil death unlikely to be linked to SA [South Africa] outbreak
----------------------------------------------------------------
South African health experts said Thursday [4 Dec 2008] that a
mystery illness that killed a local man in Brazil this week was
unlikely to be linked to a recent outbreak of deadly haemorrhagic
[fever] virus in Johannesburg. The 53-year-old man, who died Tuesday
[2 Dec 2008] in Rio de Janeiro, had an operation in mid-October
[2008] at a Johannesburg hospital, which treated several cases of a
new arenavirus strain, which killed 4 people.
But South Africa's National Institute for Communicable Diseases,
which is working with their Brazilian counterparts, said it was
unlikely that he had been infected with the same virus. "He did not
have contact with any of the patients who had the arenavirus
infection," said Lucille Blumberg, the institute's deputy director.
"The time from any possible exposure to the virus to the development
of symptoms ... would be less than 21 days, and the time from his
admission there to development of his current illness is in excess of
this period." Tests for the arenavirus conducted at the US Centres
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta would "definitely
exclude the diagnosis," Blumberg said.
Rio de Janeiro's state health ministry said the man, whose name was
not released, died Tuesday [2 Dec 2008] after falling ill on 25 Nov
2008, 2 days after arriving in Brazil to attend conferences. He was
taken to hospital with fever, vomiting, blood in his urine, and
rashes. Doctors suspected he had contracted an arenavirus, a highly
contagious group of viruses that includes Lassa fever, an infection
endemic to West Africa that typically spreads to humans from
proximity to rodents or from infected people's secretions. "While the
cause of his illness is not at this stage known, investigations are
ongoing to define a case," Blumberg said.
The recent arenavirus scare in South Africa was first identified in a
woman airlifted from Zambia, and also killed a member of the medical
staff who accompanied her, a nurse and a hospital cleaner.
--
Communicated by:
HealthMap Alerts via ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[It is becoming increasingly unlikely that the South African patient
who died in hospital in Brazil had contracted a viral haemorrhagic
fever in the Johannesburg hospital where he had been a patient in
mid-October (2008) at a time when there was an outbreak of viral
haemorrhagic fever caused by a novel (previously uncharacterised)
arenavirus. Nosocomial transmission of the novel arenavirus (still to
receive a name) is unlikely in view of the lapse of time between
possible exposure to the virus and the patient's onset of illness.
The nature of the patient's illness when hospitalised in
Johannesburg, however, has not been disclosed and may be relevant.
The outcome of laboratory tests now in progress is awaited.
Rio de Janeiro can be located on the HealthMap/ProMED-mail
interactive map of Brazil at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?v=-10.8,-53.1,4>
and Johannesburgh on the map of South Africa at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?v=-29,25.1,5>. - Mod.CP]
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35366
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Re: Aktuelle Epidemien in Afrika
VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVER - BRAZIL (04): (RIO DE JANEIRO) ex SOUTH AFRICA
***********************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
*****
[1]
Date: Fri 5 Dec 2008
From: Meri Baran
<mbaran@rio.rj.gov.br>
A statement from the Superintendent of Health Surveillance
----------------------------------------------------------
I wish to inform you with respect to a South African national, a
businessman, who died in Rio de Janeiro on Tue 2 Dec 2008. He
traveled directly, by air, from Johannesburg, South Africa, to Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil. He arrived in Rio de Janeiro on Fri 23 Nov 2008. He
did not travel to any other location in Brazil prior to the onset of
his illness.
He 1st showed signs of illness on 27 Nov 2008. He manifested the
following symptoms: high fever, chills, myalgia, a rash, vomiting,
hematuria, hepatoesplenomegaly, jaundice, and exhaustion, which
progressed to renal insufficiency and respiratory insufficiency. He
checked into a hospital on Fri 28 Nov 2008, and died on 2 Dec 2008.
15 days prior to his arrival in Rio de Janeiro, he had an orthopedic
surgical procedure performed at Morningside hospital, Johannesburg,
South Africa. At this time there was an outbreak of an arenavirus
[infection] in that hospital which originated with a patient who came
to that hospital from Zambia. There were a resultant 4 additional
hospital-acquired cases of the same disease.
We are investigating arenavirus, hantavirus, hepatitis, rickettsia,
yellow fever, dengue fever, and leptospirosis. We have a list of all
his contacts at the 2 hospitals in Rio de Janeiro where he was seen,
the hotel where he stayed and his job. They will be monitored for 21
days following his death.
--
Meri Baran, MD
Superintendent of Health Surveillance for the Secretary of Municipal
Health of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
<mbaran@rio.rj.gov.br>
[ProMED-mail thanks Dr. Meri Baran for provision of this official
account of the history of the South African businessman who died in
hospital in Rio de Janeiro of a suspected viral hemorrhagic fever
contrated prior to his arrival in Brazil. We await the outcome of the
local investigations in Brazil and the laboratory tests being carried
out elsewhere. - Mod.CP]
*****
[2]
Date: 4 Dec 2008
Source: Pan American Health Organization, EID Updates
Vol. 5, No. 13 (4 December 2008)
<http://www.paho.org/English/ad/dpc/cd/e ... -12-04.htm>
Febrile Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Brazil
--------------------------------------
On the first of December 2008, the Ministry of Health of Brazil
reported the occurrence of a case of acute hemorrhagic febrile
syndrome in a 53-year-old male from Johannesburg, South Africa, with
onset of symptoms on 23 November. The patient was hospitalized on 28
November with as suspected case of nephrolithiasis and died on 2
December.
The main symptoms reported are described in Technical Note 03/12/2008
issued on 3 December 2008 by the Ministry of Health, Secretary of
Health Surveillance (MS/SVS) of Brazil (in Portuguese).
Clinical-epidemiological investigation of this case is being carried
out by a multidisciplinary team led by the Secretariat of Health
Surveillance. A differential diagnosis is being carried out for
several agents related to hemorrhagic syndrome, such as arenavirus,
rickettsiosis, leptospirosis, hantavirus, malaria, and dengue, among
others. One of the diagnostic hypotheses being considered is that the
patient could have been infected by the new arenavirus recently
reported in Zambia and South Africa. Laboratory tests are considering
all these diagnostic hypotheses, working in collaboration with a team
of professionals from South Africa who are actively involved in the
investigation.
Monitoring of the contacts identified in this case is being carried
out. Other clinical cases have not been recorded to date.
The Pan American Health Organization is actively supporting the
investigation of this case at both the level of its country office in
Brazil and at its Regional headquarters.
Technical note: In view of the fact that one of the hypotheses being
considered is that the case might be that of infection by the new
arenavirus, we reiterate following the recommendation for continued
monitoring of contacts as laid down in the WHO guidelines Interim
Infection Control Recommendations for Care of Patients with Suspected
or Confirmed Filovirus (Ebola, Marburg) Haemorrhagic Fever in
document BDP/EPR/WHO[1] dated March 2008, which recommends checking
body temperature twice a day. Should fever develop, the contact
should be examined by a designated physician.
Source: Technical Note 03/12/2008 published on 3 December 2008 by the
Ministry of Health, Secretariat of Health Surveillance (Ministerio da
Saude, Secretaria de Vigilancia Epidemiologica / MS/SVS) of Brazil
(in Portuguese).
--
ProMED-mail Rapporteur Marianne Hopp
<promed@promedmail.org>
***********************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
*****
[1]
Date: Fri 5 Dec 2008
From: Meri Baran
<mbaran@rio.rj.gov.br>
A statement from the Superintendent of Health Surveillance
----------------------------------------------------------
I wish to inform you with respect to a South African national, a
businessman, who died in Rio de Janeiro on Tue 2 Dec 2008. He
traveled directly, by air, from Johannesburg, South Africa, to Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil. He arrived in Rio de Janeiro on Fri 23 Nov 2008. He
did not travel to any other location in Brazil prior to the onset of
his illness.
He 1st showed signs of illness on 27 Nov 2008. He manifested the
following symptoms: high fever, chills, myalgia, a rash, vomiting,
hematuria, hepatoesplenomegaly, jaundice, and exhaustion, which
progressed to renal insufficiency and respiratory insufficiency. He
checked into a hospital on Fri 28 Nov 2008, and died on 2 Dec 2008.
15 days prior to his arrival in Rio de Janeiro, he had an orthopedic
surgical procedure performed at Morningside hospital, Johannesburg,
South Africa. At this time there was an outbreak of an arenavirus
[infection] in that hospital which originated with a patient who came
to that hospital from Zambia. There were a resultant 4 additional
hospital-acquired cases of the same disease.
We are investigating arenavirus, hantavirus, hepatitis, rickettsia,
yellow fever, dengue fever, and leptospirosis. We have a list of all
his contacts at the 2 hospitals in Rio de Janeiro where he was seen,
the hotel where he stayed and his job. They will be monitored for 21
days following his death.
--
Meri Baran, MD
Superintendent of Health Surveillance for the Secretary of Municipal
Health of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
<mbaran@rio.rj.gov.br>
[ProMED-mail thanks Dr. Meri Baran for provision of this official
account of the history of the South African businessman who died in
hospital in Rio de Janeiro of a suspected viral hemorrhagic fever
contrated prior to his arrival in Brazil. We await the outcome of the
local investigations in Brazil and the laboratory tests being carried
out elsewhere. - Mod.CP]
*****
[2]
Date: 4 Dec 2008
Source: Pan American Health Organization, EID Updates
Vol. 5, No. 13 (4 December 2008)
<http://www.paho.org/English/ad/dpc/cd/e ... -12-04.htm>
Febrile Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Brazil
--------------------------------------
On the first of December 2008, the Ministry of Health of Brazil
reported the occurrence of a case of acute hemorrhagic febrile
syndrome in a 53-year-old male from Johannesburg, South Africa, with
onset of symptoms on 23 November. The patient was hospitalized on 28
November with as suspected case of nephrolithiasis and died on 2
December.
The main symptoms reported are described in Technical Note 03/12/2008
issued on 3 December 2008 by the Ministry of Health, Secretary of
Health Surveillance (MS/SVS) of Brazil (in Portuguese).
Clinical-epidemiological investigation of this case is being carried
out by a multidisciplinary team led by the Secretariat of Health
Surveillance. A differential diagnosis is being carried out for
several agents related to hemorrhagic syndrome, such as arenavirus,
rickettsiosis, leptospirosis, hantavirus, malaria, and dengue, among
others. One of the diagnostic hypotheses being considered is that the
patient could have been infected by the new arenavirus recently
reported in Zambia and South Africa. Laboratory tests are considering
all these diagnostic hypotheses, working in collaboration with a team
of professionals from South Africa who are actively involved in the
investigation.
Monitoring of the contacts identified in this case is being carried
out. Other clinical cases have not been recorded to date.
The Pan American Health Organization is actively supporting the
investigation of this case at both the level of its country office in
Brazil and at its Regional headquarters.
Technical note: In view of the fact that one of the hypotheses being
considered is that the case might be that of infection by the new
arenavirus, we reiterate following the recommendation for continued
monitoring of contacts as laid down in the WHO guidelines Interim
Infection Control Recommendations for Care of Patients with Suspected
or Confirmed Filovirus (Ebola, Marburg) Haemorrhagic Fever in
document BDP/EPR/WHO[1] dated March 2008, which recommends checking
body temperature twice a day. Should fever develop, the contact
should be examined by a designated physician.
Source: Technical Note 03/12/2008 published on 3 December 2008 by the
Ministry of Health, Secretariat of Health Surveillance (Ministerio da
Saude, Secretaria de Vigilancia Epidemiologica / MS/SVS) of Brazil
(in Portuguese).
--
ProMED-mail Rapporteur Marianne Hopp
<promed@promedmail.org>
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35366
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Re: Aktuelle Epidemien in Afrika
DENGUE/DHF UPDATE 2008 ( 53 ): FRANCE ex MALI
*****************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
******
France ex Mali
Date: Fri 5 Dec 2008
From: Marc Grandadam <marc.grandadam@pasteur.fr>
In November 2008 dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever suspected cases were
declared in Kayes region, Mali (ProMED-mail: 20081114.3582). In this report
preliminary testing results confirmed dengue disease as a possible cause of
Kayes' outbreak. However, diagnosis methods (serology and/or RT-PCR
[reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction], viral culture) were not
yet specified. Serotyping of dengue virus was also lacking in this study.
Finally, the burden of the outbreak and the proportion of severe forms were
not fully documented. Considering the recent emergence of dengue [virus]
serotype 3 in Cote d'Ivoire (ProMED-mail: 20080808.2446, 20080818.2573, and
20080820.2597), efforts are needed to better evaluate the risks of a huge
dengue epidemic in western Africa.
As suggested in a recent message (ProMED-mail: 20001114.3582) relevant
information could be retrieved from diagnosis and investigation of imported
cases from Africa. In 2008, a 1st dengue imported case from Mali has been
diagnosed in France and reported through mandatory notification (onset of
symptoms [7 Jul 2008]). This 1st case was positive in IgM but serotyping
was not performed. On [14 Nov 2008], a 23 year old individual returning
from a 3 week stay in Bamako city was hospitalized in Paris for an acute
dengue-like syndrome with fever, cutaneous rash, and thrombopenia.
Serological investigations revealed the presence of anti-flavivirus
antibodies (that is, dengue; West Nile; yellow fever) cross-reactive IgM
and IgG. Real-time PCR assay detected genomic RNA of dengue 2 virus in
serum samples. Experiments are currently undertaken to characterize the
infecting strain of dengue virus in imported case.
To date, no obvious argument supports a possible link between Bamako's
human case and those distantly separated declared in the mining area of
Kayes in the same period of time. However, important economical exchanges
occur between the capital and the industrialized region of Kayes. Such
situation might greatly favor the circulation of dengue virus and/or
infected vectors throughout the country. Improved knowledge on the viral
sequences of imported and autochthonous cases will provide new insight on
the genetics of circulating strains of dengue virus in Mali. As the
introduction of a new serotype in an African country could have an
important epidemic potential and be associated with a higher proportion of
severe forms, it is also essential to characterize the extent of the
epidemic and to specify severity.
--
Marc Grandadam <marc.grandadam@pasteur.fr>, Charlotte Renaudat, Philippe
Despres
National Reference Centre for Arboviruses
Institut Pasteur
Paris
France
Pr Yeni
Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales
Hopital Bichat-Claude Bernard
Paris
France
Guy La Ruche
Institut de Veille Sanitaire
Paris
France
[ProMED-mail is grateful to Dr Grandadam for sending in the report and to
his colleagues cited above for providing it. Their comments underscore the
need for good laboratory support of clinical observations from the field.
An interactive map showing the location of Kayes in north western Mali on
the banks of the Senegal River can be accessed at
<http://www.maplandia.com/mali/kayes/kayes/>. The HealthMap/ProMED-mail
interactive map of Mali and the other West African countries mentioned
above can be accessed at <http://healthmap.org/promed?v=7.6,-5,5>. - Mod.TY]
*****************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
******
France ex Mali
Date: Fri 5 Dec 2008
From: Marc Grandadam <marc.grandadam@pasteur.fr>
In November 2008 dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever suspected cases were
declared in Kayes region, Mali (ProMED-mail: 20081114.3582). In this report
preliminary testing results confirmed dengue disease as a possible cause of
Kayes' outbreak. However, diagnosis methods (serology and/or RT-PCR
[reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction], viral culture) were not
yet specified. Serotyping of dengue virus was also lacking in this study.
Finally, the burden of the outbreak and the proportion of severe forms were
not fully documented. Considering the recent emergence of dengue [virus]
serotype 3 in Cote d'Ivoire (ProMED-mail: 20080808.2446, 20080818.2573, and
20080820.2597), efforts are needed to better evaluate the risks of a huge
dengue epidemic in western Africa.
As suggested in a recent message (ProMED-mail: 20001114.3582) relevant
information could be retrieved from diagnosis and investigation of imported
cases from Africa. In 2008, a 1st dengue imported case from Mali has been
diagnosed in France and reported through mandatory notification (onset of
symptoms [7 Jul 2008]). This 1st case was positive in IgM but serotyping
was not performed. On [14 Nov 2008], a 23 year old individual returning
from a 3 week stay in Bamako city was hospitalized in Paris for an acute
dengue-like syndrome with fever, cutaneous rash, and thrombopenia.
Serological investigations revealed the presence of anti-flavivirus
antibodies (that is, dengue; West Nile; yellow fever) cross-reactive IgM
and IgG. Real-time PCR assay detected genomic RNA of dengue 2 virus in
serum samples. Experiments are currently undertaken to characterize the
infecting strain of dengue virus in imported case.
To date, no obvious argument supports a possible link between Bamako's
human case and those distantly separated declared in the mining area of
Kayes in the same period of time. However, important economical exchanges
occur between the capital and the industrialized region of Kayes. Such
situation might greatly favor the circulation of dengue virus and/or
infected vectors throughout the country. Improved knowledge on the viral
sequences of imported and autochthonous cases will provide new insight on
the genetics of circulating strains of dengue virus in Mali. As the
introduction of a new serotype in an African country could have an
important epidemic potential and be associated with a higher proportion of
severe forms, it is also essential to characterize the extent of the
epidemic and to specify severity.
--
Marc Grandadam <marc.grandadam@pasteur.fr>, Charlotte Renaudat, Philippe
Despres
National Reference Centre for Arboviruses
Institut Pasteur
Paris
France
Pr Yeni
Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales
Hopital Bichat-Claude Bernard
Paris
France
Guy La Ruche
Institut de Veille Sanitaire
Paris
France
[ProMED-mail is grateful to Dr Grandadam for sending in the report and to
his colleagues cited above for providing it. Their comments underscore the
need for good laboratory support of clinical observations from the field.
An interactive map showing the location of Kayes in north western Mali on
the banks of the Senegal River can be accessed at
<http://www.maplandia.com/mali/kayes/kayes/>. The HealthMap/ProMED-mail
interactive map of Mali and the other West African countries mentioned
above can be accessed at <http://healthmap.org/promed?v=7.6,-5,5>. - Mod.TY]
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35366
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Re: Aktuelle Epidemien in Afrika
HEPATITIS E VIRUS - UGANDA (12): (BUNDIBUGYO), NOVEL STRAIN SUSPECTED
*********************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
[1]
Date: Tue 9 Dec 2008
Source: The Daily Monitor online [edited]
<http://www.monitor.co.ug/artman/publish ... 6516.shtml>
New hepatitis strain reported in Bundibugyo
-------------------------------------------
A new strain of hepatitis has been reported in the Bundibugyo District and
it has already claimed a life. According to the district health officer, Dr
William Sikyewunda, the disease had killed a resident of Bundikeki village
in Bubukwanga Sub-county about 2 weeks ago. He told the Daily Monitor that
2 other people infected by the disease were admitted to Bundibugyo Hospital
and placed in an isolation ward.
Dr Sikyewunda said blood samples have been taken to the Uganda Virus
Research Institute in Entebbe for examination. He said the patients develop
high blood pressure, yellow eyes, and headache. Already, there was panic in
Bundibugyo town when reports of the death were made public. Many people
feared that the deadly Ebola virus that struck the district in August
[2008] killing 22 people was back. But Dr Sikyewunda insists the disease is
not Ebola [haemorrrhagic fever] and has appealed for calm. Residents are
shunning the hospital where the 2 patients have been kept, for fear that
they may contract the disease.
[byline: Alfred Tumushabe, Joseph Mugisa]
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
******
[2]
Date Wed 10 Dec 2008
Source: The Daily Monitor online [edited]
<http://www.monitor.co.ug/artman/publish ... 6598.shtml>
Hepatitis returns; are we ready?
--------------------------------
The Daily Monitor this week reported that a yet to be identified strain of
hepatitis had struck Bundibugyo District, claiming a life and leaving 2
other people isolated at the town's main hospital. According to district
health officer, Dr William Sikyewunda, blood samples have been sent to the
Uganda Virus Research Institute in Entebbe for examination. But as the
public waits for results, reports of this new attack bring into question
safety and measures instituted to prevent another possible epidemic,
considering that since hepatitis E was first reported in Kitgum District in
October last year [2007], it has claimed 150 lives and affected 9000 people.
The major focus in checking the spread of hepatitis, which according to the
Ministry of Health originated from South Sudan and found its way to
northern Uganda through the cross-border movements of the residents, lies
in hygiene. The Ministry says hepatitis E was able to hibernate and develop
because of the despicable sanitary conditions in most displaced people's
and satellite camps in the north. Disposal of human waste in the open,
characteristic of camps is the perfect breeding ground for this disease,
noting that it places water and food at great risk of contamination.
With high death figures in the past and new cases being reported, one would
suppose that all measures are being taken to avoid an escalation of the
problem in the north and now the west. But if the word of Dr Dawson
Mbulamberi, the assistant commissioner at the Ministry of Health is
anything to go by, gloom awaits. He says improving sanitation in camps is a
tough call, though he quips that the ministry is doing its best to better
conditions.
The same view is supported by the Pader [district] deputy RDC [resident
district commissioner], Mr Charles Kurua, who observes that since residents
continue to live in unhealthy conditions, they continue to be vulnerable to
diseases like hepatitis E and cholera. Dr Charles Oyoo, the officer in
charge of the Padibe health centre in Kitgum District, says travellers must
be checked if the disease is to be contained.
However, when hepatitis E was reported in October last year [2007], it did
not spread beyond 5 districts in northern Uganda. Dr Oyoo says the
situation in Gulu has improved due to the sensitisation of the people.
"Almost every member of the population has received adequate information
about hepatitis E but then the behavioural component is what is very
difficult to control. There is continued communal hand washing,[and]
sharing food remains our biggest challenge," he said.
Inertia or fear to change, Dr Oyoo notes, may jeopardise the quest to check
spread of hepatitis E, which destroys the liver. "There are still
re-infections. This means whichever information they got, they have not put
it in practice and yet these are adults. Isolation cannot work because by
the time the person develops the symptoms, she/he may have interacted many
people." He adds, "The sanitation standards are still poor. As people
return home, we've emphasised that the 1st thing they should construct are
latrines. But that has not been adequately addressed."
The private sector and NGOs have also jumped into the fray to help combat
the spread of the disease. According to the outgoing Oxfam public health
manager, Ms Julie Cailet, the agency has chlorinated more than 200
boreholes, distributed up to 50 000 jerrycans, and constructed more than
700 latrines in the north. Oxfam has also gone to 45 schools to preach on
behaviour change.
To ensure that the north is free of this latest hepatitis outbreak, Dr Oyoo
says authorities have discouraged storage of drinking water in pots,
encouraged children to wash their hands after using the latrine, eating hot
food, digging soil and covering human waste. Just in case the disease
returns, health staffing may be a major undoing. Padibe health centre, for
example, which receives about 200 patients daily, has only 14 staff.
Activists may also have to deal with the question of cultural practices.
People have resorted to traditional healers and in some families; they
prefer to hide patients for fear of stigmatisation. Bundibugyo can learn a
lesson from northern Uganda, but even then, if the disease spreads,
questions still linger whether an epidemic can be contained.
[byline: Edgar R Batte, Eve Mashoo]
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[These press reports suggest that the hepatitis E outbreak in the displaced
people's camps in the north of Uganda has spread to the Bundibugyo District
further south and west. Furthermore the outbreak (3 cases so far) is
attributed to a novel strain of hepatitis E virus. The justification for
this identification is unclear, other than that reappearance of the novel
strain of Ebola haemorrhagic fever virus prevalent in the Bundibugyo
District in the early months of 2008 has been excluded. Further information
concerning the identification of the agent responsible for this out break
of hepatitis is awaited.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Uganda is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=443329&v=0.833,30.25,6> and a detailed
map of the Bundibugyo region of western Uganda can be accessed at
<http://www.maplandia.com/uganda/bundibugyo/>. - Mod.CP]
*********************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
[1]
Date: Tue 9 Dec 2008
Source: The Daily Monitor online [edited]
<http://www.monitor.co.ug/artman/publish ... 6516.shtml>
New hepatitis strain reported in Bundibugyo
-------------------------------------------
A new strain of hepatitis has been reported in the Bundibugyo District and
it has already claimed a life. According to the district health officer, Dr
William Sikyewunda, the disease had killed a resident of Bundikeki village
in Bubukwanga Sub-county about 2 weeks ago. He told the Daily Monitor that
2 other people infected by the disease were admitted to Bundibugyo Hospital
and placed in an isolation ward.
Dr Sikyewunda said blood samples have been taken to the Uganda Virus
Research Institute in Entebbe for examination. He said the patients develop
high blood pressure, yellow eyes, and headache. Already, there was panic in
Bundibugyo town when reports of the death were made public. Many people
feared that the deadly Ebola virus that struck the district in August
[2008] killing 22 people was back. But Dr Sikyewunda insists the disease is
not Ebola [haemorrrhagic fever] and has appealed for calm. Residents are
shunning the hospital where the 2 patients have been kept, for fear that
they may contract the disease.
[byline: Alfred Tumushabe, Joseph Mugisa]
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
******
[2]
Date Wed 10 Dec 2008
Source: The Daily Monitor online [edited]
<http://www.monitor.co.ug/artman/publish ... 6598.shtml>
Hepatitis returns; are we ready?
--------------------------------
The Daily Monitor this week reported that a yet to be identified strain of
hepatitis had struck Bundibugyo District, claiming a life and leaving 2
other people isolated at the town's main hospital. According to district
health officer, Dr William Sikyewunda, blood samples have been sent to the
Uganda Virus Research Institute in Entebbe for examination. But as the
public waits for results, reports of this new attack bring into question
safety and measures instituted to prevent another possible epidemic,
considering that since hepatitis E was first reported in Kitgum District in
October last year [2007], it has claimed 150 lives and affected 9000 people.
The major focus in checking the spread of hepatitis, which according to the
Ministry of Health originated from South Sudan and found its way to
northern Uganda through the cross-border movements of the residents, lies
in hygiene. The Ministry says hepatitis E was able to hibernate and develop
because of the despicable sanitary conditions in most displaced people's
and satellite camps in the north. Disposal of human waste in the open,
characteristic of camps is the perfect breeding ground for this disease,
noting that it places water and food at great risk of contamination.
With high death figures in the past and new cases being reported, one would
suppose that all measures are being taken to avoid an escalation of the
problem in the north and now the west. But if the word of Dr Dawson
Mbulamberi, the assistant commissioner at the Ministry of Health is
anything to go by, gloom awaits. He says improving sanitation in camps is a
tough call, though he quips that the ministry is doing its best to better
conditions.
The same view is supported by the Pader [district] deputy RDC [resident
district commissioner], Mr Charles Kurua, who observes that since residents
continue to live in unhealthy conditions, they continue to be vulnerable to
diseases like hepatitis E and cholera. Dr Charles Oyoo, the officer in
charge of the Padibe health centre in Kitgum District, says travellers must
be checked if the disease is to be contained.
However, when hepatitis E was reported in October last year [2007], it did
not spread beyond 5 districts in northern Uganda. Dr Oyoo says the
situation in Gulu has improved due to the sensitisation of the people.
"Almost every member of the population has received adequate information
about hepatitis E but then the behavioural component is what is very
difficult to control. There is continued communal hand washing,[and]
sharing food remains our biggest challenge," he said.
Inertia or fear to change, Dr Oyoo notes, may jeopardise the quest to check
spread of hepatitis E, which destroys the liver. "There are still
re-infections. This means whichever information they got, they have not put
it in practice and yet these are adults. Isolation cannot work because by
the time the person develops the symptoms, she/he may have interacted many
people." He adds, "The sanitation standards are still poor. As people
return home, we've emphasised that the 1st thing they should construct are
latrines. But that has not been adequately addressed."
The private sector and NGOs have also jumped into the fray to help combat
the spread of the disease. According to the outgoing Oxfam public health
manager, Ms Julie Cailet, the agency has chlorinated more than 200
boreholes, distributed up to 50 000 jerrycans, and constructed more than
700 latrines in the north. Oxfam has also gone to 45 schools to preach on
behaviour change.
To ensure that the north is free of this latest hepatitis outbreak, Dr Oyoo
says authorities have discouraged storage of drinking water in pots,
encouraged children to wash their hands after using the latrine, eating hot
food, digging soil and covering human waste. Just in case the disease
returns, health staffing may be a major undoing. Padibe health centre, for
example, which receives about 200 patients daily, has only 14 staff.
Activists may also have to deal with the question of cultural practices.
People have resorted to traditional healers and in some families; they
prefer to hide patients for fear of stigmatisation. Bundibugyo can learn a
lesson from northern Uganda, but even then, if the disease spreads,
questions still linger whether an epidemic can be contained.
[byline: Edgar R Batte, Eve Mashoo]
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[These press reports suggest that the hepatitis E outbreak in the displaced
people's camps in the north of Uganda has spread to the Bundibugyo District
further south and west. Furthermore the outbreak (3 cases so far) is
attributed to a novel strain of hepatitis E virus. The justification for
this identification is unclear, other than that reappearance of the novel
strain of Ebola haemorrhagic fever virus prevalent in the Bundibugyo
District in the early months of 2008 has been excluded. Further information
concerning the identification of the agent responsible for this out break
of hepatitis is awaited.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Uganda is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=443329&v=0.833,30.25,6> and a detailed
map of the Bundibugyo region of western Uganda can be accessed at
<http://www.maplandia.com/uganda/bundibugyo/>. - Mod.CP]
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35366
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Re: Aktuelle Epidemien in Afrika
CHOLERA, DIARRHEA & DYSENTERY UPDATE 2008 (51)
**********************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
In this update:
Africa
[1] Cholera - Zimbabwe
[2] Cholera - South Africa (Limpopo) ex Zimbabwe
[3] Cholera - Zambia (Southern Province)
[4] Cholera - Mozambique (Manica)
[5] Cholera - Mozambique
[6] Cholera - Nigeria (Rivers State)
[7] Cholera - Guinea-Bissau
[8] Cholera, refugees - Uganda (Kanungu)
******
[1] Cholera - Zimbabwe
Date: Wed 10 Dec 2008
Source: Agence France Presse [edited]
<http://www.africasia.com/services/news/ ... ab9e7q.php>
A cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe has killed 775 people with 16 141 suspected
cases reported across the African nation, according to new World Health
Organization data released on Wednesday [10 Dec 2008].
"Approximately half of cases have been recorded in Budiriro, a heavily
populated suburb on the western outskirts of the capital, Harare," said
WHO. Other badly hit areas include Beitbridge, which borders South Africa
and Mudzi, which borders Mozambique, it added.
Earlier, the UN humanitarian affairs bureau said the death toll had reached
746, with 15 572 suspected cases reported.
The capital Harare is the worst-affected district with 189 deaths and 7653
suspected cases recorded as of 9 Dec 2008, the UN Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs said in a statement.
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>
[The number of cases of cholera in this catastrophic situation in Zimbabwe
continues to rise dramatically, underscoring the need for rapid
intervention. Since the last posting on 8 Dec 2008, there were 2181 more
cases reported, with 186 more deaths.
A map of Zimbabwe can be found at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... mbabwe.pdf>. The
HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Zimbabwe is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?v=-19,29.9,6>. - Mod.LL]
******
[2] Cholera - South Africa (Limpopo) ex Zimbabwe
Date: Wed 10 Dec 2008
Source: Independent Online [edited]
<http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1 ... 576C497299>
The number of Musina cholera cases has risen to 664 overnight, the Limpopo
health department said on Wednesday [10 Dec 2008]. The number had risen
from 645.
Spokesperson Phuthi Seloba said although there was a rise in suspected
cases from the previous day, the death toll remained at 8. The increase
comes after Health Minister Barbara Hogan led a team of health experts to
assess the cholera outbreak in Limpopo on Tuesday [9 Dec 2008].
The outbreak began on 15 Nov 2008 after Zimbabweans affected by the disease
in their country crossed the border to seek treatment from the South
African province.
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>
[It is not clear from any of these posts from Zimbabwe's neighboring
countries whether any of the cases reported were acquired in that country
or whether all the cases were indeed imported from Zimbabwe.
A map of South Africa showing the proximity of the mentioned areas of
Limpopo province (referred to as northern province on the map) can be found
at <http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... uthafr.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
******
[3] Cholera - Zambia (Southern Province)
Date: 10 Dec 2008
Source: Lusaka Times [edited]
<http://www.lusakatimes.com/?p=6300>
Cholera has broken out in Nameembo area of Mazabuka district with several
villagers reportedly admitted to a cholera center. Mazabuka District
Commissioner Tyson Hamaamba, who disclosed this to ZANIS in Mazabuka today
[10 Dec 2008], said the situation was serious and called for concerted
efforts in containing the outbreak.
The district commissioner, who has attributed the disease outbreak to the
dirty and untreated water residents were fetching from contaminated shallow
wells urged villagers to boil or chlorinate drinking water to prevent the
disease from spreading.
Two months ago, 2 people died of cholera in the Nameembo area.
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>
[Muzabuka is located in the Southern Province of Zambia as can be seen on a
map at <http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... zambia.pdf>.
Although the province borders Zimbabwe, it is not stated whether the cases
were linked to the outbreak in Zimbabwe. - Mod.LL]
******
[4] Cholera - Mozambique (Manica)
Date: Wed 10 Dec 2008
Source: Independent Online [edited]
<http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1 ... 666C129183>
At least 4 people have died from 20 cases of cholera reported in
Mozambique's Mossurize district on the border with Zimbabwe since 4 Dec
2008, the daily Noticias reported on Wednesday [10 Dec 2008]. It cited
Vasco David Gaspar, Mossurize district administrator.
Gaspar added that the other 16 people were detained at a local health
center in Macuo village, which is 10 km from Chipinge.
The reports of the infections came a day after health minister Ivo Garrido
told reporters in Maputo on Tuesday [9 Dec 2008] that there were no
confirmed cases of cholera in the east African country related to the
recent outbreak in neighboring Zimbabwe.
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>
[Mozambique's Mossurize district is located in Manica province adjacent to
eastern Zimbabwe. It is not stated whether the cases here were directly
related to Zimbabwe. The area can be seen on a map at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... zambiq.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
******
[5] Cholera - Mozambique
Date: Wed 10 Dec 2008
Source: Sylvia MacBean <s.macbean@sasktel.net>
I have just returned from Mozambique. I went on a trip with the Canadian
Foodgrains Bank. We were in the Changara district south west of Tete.
When we arrived, we were told there were only 2 cases of cholera in the
area. But we found out that at Mandea, more than 40 people had died, and in
the Dzumga, 9 people had died, and there were about 45 people being treated
at the hospital. The food shipment for November 2008 had not arrived when
we were there on 27 Nov 2008.
The rainy season usually begins in October. It hadn't rained there since
September 2008. We asked the district administrator at Changara why he had
not asked for disaster assistance. He said "I don't want my area to look bad."
We checked some of the UNICEF water wells. The pumps are broken in the
Changara area. Do we know anyone with UNICEF who can get the pumps fixed?
People were drinking from the same waterhole as the animals.
I find it very distressing that this situation has not been reported. We
were in the airport in Johannesburg, and we met a man who said he was with
the US Centers for Disease Control [and Prevention], and we told him what
we had seen and had been told. He was on the phone immediately afterwards.
--
Sylvia MacBean
Regina Leader-Post
Regina, SK, Canada
<s.macbean@sasktel.net>
[ProMED-mail thanks Sylvia MacBean for this firsthand report.
The proximity of Tete province to the Shire valley of Malawi suggests that
cholera might have reached further east than Tete. And if Changara is
anything to go by, cholera may be being seen in other Mozambique towns on
rivers draining out of Zimbabwe, such as Chicualacuala and towns on the
Save river. - - Mod.MHJ
The Tete province is north of Manica in south western Mozambique. As can be
seen on a map, it also borders Zimbabwe, but it is not known whether the
cases are related to the large outbreak in Zimbabwe; see
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... zambiq.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
******
[6] Cholera - Nigeria (Rivers State)
Date: Wed 10 Dec 2008
Source: Bloomberg [edited]
<http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid= ... fer=africa>
An outbreak of cholera in the riverine community of Kula in Nigeria's
Rivers state killed 10 people, a health official said.
"We have already dispatched a medical team to the area with the necessary
drugs and materials to curtail the spread of the disease," Dr Samson
Parker, Rivers State's commissioner for health, said in an interview in
Port Harcourt. Residents have been told to boil water for drinking until
other arrangements can be made, he said.
[byline: Tony Tamuno]
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>
[The Rivers State is located in southern Nigeria and can be seen on a map
at <http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... igeria.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
******
[7] Cholera - Guinea-Bissau
Date: Mon 8 Dec 2008
Source: Prensa Latina [edited]
<http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID ... anguage=EN>
The Office of Hygiene and Epidemiology of Guinea Bissau says the cholera
epidemic affecting Guinea Bissau has spread and turned further lethal.
Reports on the 1st week of December 2008 talk of 21 cases and 2 deaths,
raising fatalities to 224 and the affected to 14 201, and Bissau stands out
as the most affected with 73 deaths and 9378 patients.
The outbreak began last May 2008 in the south, and in July 2008, the
authorities declared the epidemic out of control, reporting a drop in
November 2008 when the rains in West Africa held up.
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>
[The country Guinea-Bissau, where this large outbreak has been occurring,
can be seen on a map at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... ineabi.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
******
[8] Cholera, refugees - Uganda (Kanungu)
Date: Wed 10 Dec 2008
Source: The Monitor [edited]
<http://www.monitor.co.ug/artman/publish ... 6631.shtml>
A cholera outbreak in the newly-created Matanda Refugee Camp in Kihiihi
Sub-county, Kanungu District has killed 2 people and affected more than a
dozen others, raising fears that it could spread to the residents.
The UNHCR spokesperson at the camp, Ms Yumco Takashima, said they were
battling the disease and had already isolated some people to curb the
spread of the disease. "We were prepared to handle this situation, and we
alerted our partners like the Red Cross to be on standby so that if any
epidemic breaks out, we can control it," Ms Takashima said.
In November 2008, 2 refugees died of cholera at Nakivale camp. Meanwhile,
over 700 refugees have returned to Congo in the last 3 days following
decreased fighting. The Kanungu District Police commander, Mr Nazario
Mugisha, said more refugees are demanding to go back, but security has been
advising them to be patient.
Over 70 000 refugees reportedly crossed into Uganda following the battle
between Laurent Nkunda's rebels and the government forces.
[byline: Patson Baraire and Perez Rumanzi]
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>
[Kanungu is in extreme south western Uganda and can be found on a map at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... uganda.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
**********************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
In this update:
Africa
[1] Cholera - Zimbabwe
[2] Cholera - South Africa (Limpopo) ex Zimbabwe
[3] Cholera - Zambia (Southern Province)
[4] Cholera - Mozambique (Manica)
[5] Cholera - Mozambique
[6] Cholera - Nigeria (Rivers State)
[7] Cholera - Guinea-Bissau
[8] Cholera, refugees - Uganda (Kanungu)
******
[1] Cholera - Zimbabwe
Date: Wed 10 Dec 2008
Source: Agence France Presse [edited]
<http://www.africasia.com/services/news/ ... ab9e7q.php>
A cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe has killed 775 people with 16 141 suspected
cases reported across the African nation, according to new World Health
Organization data released on Wednesday [10 Dec 2008].
"Approximately half of cases have been recorded in Budiriro, a heavily
populated suburb on the western outskirts of the capital, Harare," said
WHO. Other badly hit areas include Beitbridge, which borders South Africa
and Mudzi, which borders Mozambique, it added.
Earlier, the UN humanitarian affairs bureau said the death toll had reached
746, with 15 572 suspected cases reported.
The capital Harare is the worst-affected district with 189 deaths and 7653
suspected cases recorded as of 9 Dec 2008, the UN Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs said in a statement.
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>
[The number of cases of cholera in this catastrophic situation in Zimbabwe
continues to rise dramatically, underscoring the need for rapid
intervention. Since the last posting on 8 Dec 2008, there were 2181 more
cases reported, with 186 more deaths.
A map of Zimbabwe can be found at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... mbabwe.pdf>. The
HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Zimbabwe is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?v=-19,29.9,6>. - Mod.LL]
******
[2] Cholera - South Africa (Limpopo) ex Zimbabwe
Date: Wed 10 Dec 2008
Source: Independent Online [edited]
<http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1 ... 576C497299>
The number of Musina cholera cases has risen to 664 overnight, the Limpopo
health department said on Wednesday [10 Dec 2008]. The number had risen
from 645.
Spokesperson Phuthi Seloba said although there was a rise in suspected
cases from the previous day, the death toll remained at 8. The increase
comes after Health Minister Barbara Hogan led a team of health experts to
assess the cholera outbreak in Limpopo on Tuesday [9 Dec 2008].
The outbreak began on 15 Nov 2008 after Zimbabweans affected by the disease
in their country crossed the border to seek treatment from the South
African province.
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>
[It is not clear from any of these posts from Zimbabwe's neighboring
countries whether any of the cases reported were acquired in that country
or whether all the cases were indeed imported from Zimbabwe.
A map of South Africa showing the proximity of the mentioned areas of
Limpopo province (referred to as northern province on the map) can be found
at <http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... uthafr.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
******
[3] Cholera - Zambia (Southern Province)
Date: 10 Dec 2008
Source: Lusaka Times [edited]
<http://www.lusakatimes.com/?p=6300>
Cholera has broken out in Nameembo area of Mazabuka district with several
villagers reportedly admitted to a cholera center. Mazabuka District
Commissioner Tyson Hamaamba, who disclosed this to ZANIS in Mazabuka today
[10 Dec 2008], said the situation was serious and called for concerted
efforts in containing the outbreak.
The district commissioner, who has attributed the disease outbreak to the
dirty and untreated water residents were fetching from contaminated shallow
wells urged villagers to boil or chlorinate drinking water to prevent the
disease from spreading.
Two months ago, 2 people died of cholera in the Nameembo area.
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>
[Muzabuka is located in the Southern Province of Zambia as can be seen on a
map at <http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... zambia.pdf>.
Although the province borders Zimbabwe, it is not stated whether the cases
were linked to the outbreak in Zimbabwe. - Mod.LL]
******
[4] Cholera - Mozambique (Manica)
Date: Wed 10 Dec 2008
Source: Independent Online [edited]
<http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1 ... 666C129183>
At least 4 people have died from 20 cases of cholera reported in
Mozambique's Mossurize district on the border with Zimbabwe since 4 Dec
2008, the daily Noticias reported on Wednesday [10 Dec 2008]. It cited
Vasco David Gaspar, Mossurize district administrator.
Gaspar added that the other 16 people were detained at a local health
center in Macuo village, which is 10 km from Chipinge.
The reports of the infections came a day after health minister Ivo Garrido
told reporters in Maputo on Tuesday [9 Dec 2008] that there were no
confirmed cases of cholera in the east African country related to the
recent outbreak in neighboring Zimbabwe.
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>
[Mozambique's Mossurize district is located in Manica province adjacent to
eastern Zimbabwe. It is not stated whether the cases here were directly
related to Zimbabwe. The area can be seen on a map at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... zambiq.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
******
[5] Cholera - Mozambique
Date: Wed 10 Dec 2008
Source: Sylvia MacBean <s.macbean@sasktel.net>
I have just returned from Mozambique. I went on a trip with the Canadian
Foodgrains Bank. We were in the Changara district south west of Tete.
When we arrived, we were told there were only 2 cases of cholera in the
area. But we found out that at Mandea, more than 40 people had died, and in
the Dzumga, 9 people had died, and there were about 45 people being treated
at the hospital. The food shipment for November 2008 had not arrived when
we were there on 27 Nov 2008.
The rainy season usually begins in October. It hadn't rained there since
September 2008. We asked the district administrator at Changara why he had
not asked for disaster assistance. He said "I don't want my area to look bad."
We checked some of the UNICEF water wells. The pumps are broken in the
Changara area. Do we know anyone with UNICEF who can get the pumps fixed?
People were drinking from the same waterhole as the animals.
I find it very distressing that this situation has not been reported. We
were in the airport in Johannesburg, and we met a man who said he was with
the US Centers for Disease Control [and Prevention], and we told him what
we had seen and had been told. He was on the phone immediately afterwards.
--
Sylvia MacBean
Regina Leader-Post
Regina, SK, Canada
<s.macbean@sasktel.net>
[ProMED-mail thanks Sylvia MacBean for this firsthand report.
The proximity of Tete province to the Shire valley of Malawi suggests that
cholera might have reached further east than Tete. And if Changara is
anything to go by, cholera may be being seen in other Mozambique towns on
rivers draining out of Zimbabwe, such as Chicualacuala and towns on the
Save river. - - Mod.MHJ
The Tete province is north of Manica in south western Mozambique. As can be
seen on a map, it also borders Zimbabwe, but it is not known whether the
cases are related to the large outbreak in Zimbabwe; see
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... zambiq.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
******
[6] Cholera - Nigeria (Rivers State)
Date: Wed 10 Dec 2008
Source: Bloomberg [edited]
<http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid= ... fer=africa>
An outbreak of cholera in the riverine community of Kula in Nigeria's
Rivers state killed 10 people, a health official said.
"We have already dispatched a medical team to the area with the necessary
drugs and materials to curtail the spread of the disease," Dr Samson
Parker, Rivers State's commissioner for health, said in an interview in
Port Harcourt. Residents have been told to boil water for drinking until
other arrangements can be made, he said.
[byline: Tony Tamuno]
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>
[The Rivers State is located in southern Nigeria and can be seen on a map
at <http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... igeria.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
******
[7] Cholera - Guinea-Bissau
Date: Mon 8 Dec 2008
Source: Prensa Latina [edited]
<http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID ... anguage=EN>
The Office of Hygiene and Epidemiology of Guinea Bissau says the cholera
epidemic affecting Guinea Bissau has spread and turned further lethal.
Reports on the 1st week of December 2008 talk of 21 cases and 2 deaths,
raising fatalities to 224 and the affected to 14 201, and Bissau stands out
as the most affected with 73 deaths and 9378 patients.
The outbreak began last May 2008 in the south, and in July 2008, the
authorities declared the epidemic out of control, reporting a drop in
November 2008 when the rains in West Africa held up.
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>
[The country Guinea-Bissau, where this large outbreak has been occurring,
can be seen on a map at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... ineabi.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
******
[8] Cholera, refugees - Uganda (Kanungu)
Date: Wed 10 Dec 2008
Source: The Monitor [edited]
<http://www.monitor.co.ug/artman/publish ... 6631.shtml>
A cholera outbreak in the newly-created Matanda Refugee Camp in Kihiihi
Sub-county, Kanungu District has killed 2 people and affected more than a
dozen others, raising fears that it could spread to the residents.
The UNHCR spokesperson at the camp, Ms Yumco Takashima, said they were
battling the disease and had already isolated some people to curb the
spread of the disease. "We were prepared to handle this situation, and we
alerted our partners like the Red Cross to be on standby so that if any
epidemic breaks out, we can control it," Ms Takashima said.
In November 2008, 2 refugees died of cholera at Nakivale camp. Meanwhile,
over 700 refugees have returned to Congo in the last 3 days following
decreased fighting. The Kanungu District Police commander, Mr Nazario
Mugisha, said more refugees are demanding to go back, but security has been
advising them to be patient.
Over 70 000 refugees reportedly crossed into Uganda following the battle
between Laurent Nkunda's rebels and the government forces.
[byline: Patson Baraire and Perez Rumanzi]
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>
[Kanungu is in extreme south western Uganda and can be found on a map at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... uganda.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35366
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Re: Aktuelle Epidemien in Afrika
Gambia - Malaria
15.12.2008
In den letzten Wochen kam es gehäuft zu Malariaerkrankungen bei europäischen Reisenden. Seit Ende Oktober wurden bei TropNetEurop insgesamt 40 Malaria tropica Fälle registriert. Bisher liegen Fallmeldungen aus Dänemark, Finnland, Holland, Großbritannien, Deutschland und Spanien vor. Es gab zwei Todesfälle, mehrere Patienten mussten intensivmedizinisch betreut werden. Ganz überwiegend wurde keine Malariaprophylaxe genommen. In Gambia besteht ganzjähriges Malariarisiko. / Quelle: crm
15.12.2008
In den letzten Wochen kam es gehäuft zu Malariaerkrankungen bei europäischen Reisenden. Seit Ende Oktober wurden bei TropNetEurop insgesamt 40 Malaria tropica Fälle registriert. Bisher liegen Fallmeldungen aus Dänemark, Finnland, Holland, Großbritannien, Deutschland und Spanien vor. Es gab zwei Todesfälle, mehrere Patienten mussten intensivmedizinisch betreut werden. Ganz überwiegend wurde keine Malariaprophylaxe genommen. In Gambia besteht ganzjähriges Malariarisiko. / Quelle: crm
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35366
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Re: Aktuelle Epidemien in Afrika
CHOLERA, DIARRHEA & DYSENTERY UPDATE 2008 (52)
**********************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
In this update:
Africa
[1] Cholera - South Africa (Gauteng) ex Zimbabwe
[2] Cholera - Malawi (Southern Region)
[3] Cholera - Congo (Pool, Bouenza)
******
[1] Cholera - South Africa (Gauteng) ex Zimbabwe
Date: Fri 12 Dec 2008
Source: Xinhua News Agency [edited]
<http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008- ... 496180.htm>
South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape health departments were
confident that they have the Zimbabwe cholera spillover under control
in their regions, but Gauteng hospitals are still seeing new cases.
Gauteng had confirmed cholera in 16 of the 46 people who presented
the symptoms of the curable intestinal infection since November 2008.
Only 2 people who sought treatment were South African, and the
[majority] came from Zimbabwe, said Dr Chika Esomugha, medical
advisor to the Gauteng department of health in a statement.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Gauteng, formerly known as Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging (PWV),
is the smallest province in South Africa, with only 1.4 percent of
the land area, but it is highly urbanized. It lies below Limpopo
(formerly Northern Province). From the posting, it appears that most
of the cases may have come from Zimbabwe but local transmission could
have occurred.
Gauteng can be seen on the map at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... uthafr.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of South Africa is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=108559 ... 83,28.25,5>. - Mod.LL]
******
[2] Cholera - Malawi (Southern Region)
Date: Fri 12 Dec 2008
Source: Nyasa Times [edited]
<http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/2130.html>
Barely a day after Balaka district reported the 1st death of a man
suffering from cholera, the government has admitted the disease is
fast spreading and 4 people have so far died in Lilongwe alone.
However, the government says it has put in place all procedures to
control the cholera outbreak, which is slowly sweeping across Malawi.
In Zimbabwe, the outbreak has claimed 746 lives with over 14 000 new
cases being reported. The disease has also been traced in Zambia and
South Africa.
Though minister of health, Khumbo Kachali, said yesterday [11 Dec
2008] there were no confirmed cases of cholera in government
hospitals, his director of Preventive Health Services in the Ministry
of Health, Dr Stone Kabuluzi, confirmed of 36 cholera at Likuni
Mission Hospital in Lilongwe out of which 4 people have lost their lives.
"Reports from the hospital indicate that 2 patients died right at the
hospital because they came a bit late while 2 others are also
suspected to have died at their homes from cholera," he said.
Dr Kabuluzi however said his ministry has instituted necessary
measures to contain the disease not to further spread to other parts
of the country. He said cholera quarantine shelters were also present
in all district health centers.
Apart from Lilongwe and Balaka other cases of cholera, an infectious
disease characterized by serious vomiting and diarrhea, have been
reported in Mwanza, Chikwawa, and Mangochi.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The Southern Region of Malawi where all the cases are reported from
lies just east of the Tete province of Mozambique, where cholera is
also active.
The area can be seen on a map at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... malawi.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Malawi is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=923817&v=-14.5,35,6>. - Mod.LL]
******
[3] Cholera - Congo (Pool, Bouenza)
Date: Fri 12 Dec 2008
Source: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
(OCHA), Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN) News [edited]
<http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=81934>
The lack of clean drinking water and proper hygiene fueled the spread
of cholera in the south and southwest of the Republic of Congo, says
the Congolese Red Cross, which has just completed a campaign to teach
people how to recognize and stem the spread of the disease.
It said the cholera outbreak began in the Bouenza region in February
2008 and that by the end of November 2008 127 cases of the disease
and 3 deaths had been registered. At least 22 other cases have been
reported in the Kinkassa area and in the Pool region, which surrounds
the capital, Brazzaville.
"In Kinkassa, the patients are under observation. In Bouenza, the
disease has been halted and the number of deaths limited thanks to
the rapid intervention of the authorities, NGOs, and other
organizations such as UNICEF [UN Children's Fund]," said Yvette
Mbazo'o Mve of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies.
She said the lack of hygiene and clean drinking water explained the
rise of cholera, which is sometimes called the "dirty-hands disease."
In Congo, only 14 percent of people have access to clean drinking
water in rural areas, while in the towns and cities this rises to
nearly 60 percent.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The Pool and Bouenza regions are in southeastern Congo and can be
seen on a map at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... /congo.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of the Republic of Congo is
available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=225540 ... =-1.5,14,6>. - Mod.LL]
**********************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
In this update:
Africa
[1] Cholera - South Africa (Gauteng) ex Zimbabwe
[2] Cholera - Malawi (Southern Region)
[3] Cholera - Congo (Pool, Bouenza)
******
[1] Cholera - South Africa (Gauteng) ex Zimbabwe
Date: Fri 12 Dec 2008
Source: Xinhua News Agency [edited]
<http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008- ... 496180.htm>
South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape health departments were
confident that they have the Zimbabwe cholera spillover under control
in their regions, but Gauteng hospitals are still seeing new cases.
Gauteng had confirmed cholera in 16 of the 46 people who presented
the symptoms of the curable intestinal infection since November 2008.
Only 2 people who sought treatment were South African, and the
[majority] came from Zimbabwe, said Dr Chika Esomugha, medical
advisor to the Gauteng department of health in a statement.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Gauteng, formerly known as Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging (PWV),
is the smallest province in South Africa, with only 1.4 percent of
the land area, but it is highly urbanized. It lies below Limpopo
(formerly Northern Province). From the posting, it appears that most
of the cases may have come from Zimbabwe but local transmission could
have occurred.
Gauteng can be seen on the map at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... uthafr.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of South Africa is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=108559 ... 83,28.25,5>. - Mod.LL]
******
[2] Cholera - Malawi (Southern Region)
Date: Fri 12 Dec 2008
Source: Nyasa Times [edited]
<http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/2130.html>
Barely a day after Balaka district reported the 1st death of a man
suffering from cholera, the government has admitted the disease is
fast spreading and 4 people have so far died in Lilongwe alone.
However, the government says it has put in place all procedures to
control the cholera outbreak, which is slowly sweeping across Malawi.
In Zimbabwe, the outbreak has claimed 746 lives with over 14 000 new
cases being reported. The disease has also been traced in Zambia and
South Africa.
Though minister of health, Khumbo Kachali, said yesterday [11 Dec
2008] there were no confirmed cases of cholera in government
hospitals, his director of Preventive Health Services in the Ministry
of Health, Dr Stone Kabuluzi, confirmed of 36 cholera at Likuni
Mission Hospital in Lilongwe out of which 4 people have lost their lives.
"Reports from the hospital indicate that 2 patients died right at the
hospital because they came a bit late while 2 others are also
suspected to have died at their homes from cholera," he said.
Dr Kabuluzi however said his ministry has instituted necessary
measures to contain the disease not to further spread to other parts
of the country. He said cholera quarantine shelters were also present
in all district health centers.
Apart from Lilongwe and Balaka other cases of cholera, an infectious
disease characterized by serious vomiting and diarrhea, have been
reported in Mwanza, Chikwawa, and Mangochi.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The Southern Region of Malawi where all the cases are reported from
lies just east of the Tete province of Mozambique, where cholera is
also active.
The area can be seen on a map at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... malawi.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Malawi is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=923817&v=-14.5,35,6>. - Mod.LL]
******
[3] Cholera - Congo (Pool, Bouenza)
Date: Fri 12 Dec 2008
Source: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
(OCHA), Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN) News [edited]
<http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=81934>
The lack of clean drinking water and proper hygiene fueled the spread
of cholera in the south and southwest of the Republic of Congo, says
the Congolese Red Cross, which has just completed a campaign to teach
people how to recognize and stem the spread of the disease.
It said the cholera outbreak began in the Bouenza region in February
2008 and that by the end of November 2008 127 cases of the disease
and 3 deaths had been registered. At least 22 other cases have been
reported in the Kinkassa area and in the Pool region, which surrounds
the capital, Brazzaville.
"In Kinkassa, the patients are under observation. In Bouenza, the
disease has been halted and the number of deaths limited thanks to
the rapid intervention of the authorities, NGOs, and other
organizations such as UNICEF [UN Children's Fund]," said Yvette
Mbazo'o Mve of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies.
She said the lack of hygiene and clean drinking water explained the
rise of cholera, which is sometimes called the "dirty-hands disease."
In Congo, only 14 percent of people have access to clean drinking
water in rural areas, while in the towns and cities this rises to
nearly 60 percent.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The Pool and Bouenza regions are in southeastern Congo and can be
seen on a map at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... /congo.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of the Republic of Congo is
available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=225540 ... =-1.5,14,6>. - Mod.LL]
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35366
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Re: Aktuelle Epidemien in Afrika
CHOLERA, DIARRHEA & DYSENTERY UPDATE 2008 (53)
**********************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
In this update:
Africa
[1], [2] Cholera - Zimbabwe
[3] Cholera - South Africa
[4] Cholera - Botswana (Central Province)
[5] Cholera - Zambia
******
[1] Cholera - Zimbabwe
Date: Mon 15 Dec 2008
Source: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
(OCHA), ReliefWeb, World Health Organization (WHO) report [edited]
<http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db9 ... enDocument>
Cholera in Zimbabwe: epidemiological bulletin No. 1 -- 15 Dec 2008
------------------------------------------------------------------
This is the 1st epidemiological bulletin to be issued since the
August 2008 onset of a countrywide cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe.
Further bulletins are planned with a weekly frequency, coinciding
with the end of each epidemiological week (Sunday to Saturday). In
addition, daily short epidemiological updates are envisaged: these
will eventually integrate and supplement the current OCHA daily
cumulative caseload updates.
This epidemiological bulletin aims to provide an overview of the
epidemic throughout Zimbabwe, including province-by-province data, so
as to inform and improve the ongoing public health response. It also
provides guidance to agencies on issues relating to data collection,
analysis, and interpretation, and suggests operational strategies on
the basis of epidemiological patterns so far.
Readers will find that, for most provinces, the bulletin relies on
incomplete and somewhat outdated data, with the last date of
reporting being between 2 and 21 days before its date of publication.
The WHO Cholera Outbreak Response Team is working hard to improve
surveillance. The challenges are daunting, due to the countrywide
nature of the epidemic (56 districts affected; more than 100 cholera
treatment centres or units estimated to be operating); human resource
and material shortages at province and district level; communications
problems; and the fulminant nature of cholera outbreaks.
So as to improve surveillance, agencies directly engaged in case
management are strongly encouraged to share daily data with the
respective District Health Teams: this will ensure consistency and
reliability of data. While focus must be on strengthening Zimbabwe's
surveillance system, the WHO Cholera Outbreak Response Team greatly
welcomes feedback and data provided by individual agencies, and will
take these into account when producing further bulletins. Given the
scope of this epidemic, errors and omissions are almost inevitable:
we will be grateful for any information that helps to rectify these.
Overview of the epidemic
------------------------
A countrywide epidemic of cholera has been occurring in Zimbabwe
since August 2008. The epidemic currently affects 9 out of the 10
provinces in the country, and at least 57 (67.9 percent) out of a
total of 84 rural and urban districts (see the Annexes and Figure 1
[see full document URL below. - Mod.LL]) As of 15 Dec 2008, a total
of 18 413 suspected cases had been reported to the World Health
Organization (WHO), by way of the Ministry of Health and Child
Welfare (MoHCW)'s surveillance department. Table 3 [see below] in the
Annexes details the districts affected and the dates on which the 1st
cases were reported.
In all provinces affected, _Vibrio cholerae_ has been isolated from
suspected cases. Two serotypes have been found: Ogawa in Harare urban
and Beitbridge city, Matabeleland South; and both Ogawa and Inaba in
Chegutu and Makonde districts, Mashonaland West. Drug sensitivity
testing was carried out in some of the affected provinces, but to
date, results of these investigations have not been consolidated.
Tests on Mudzi samples are currently being carried out at the
National Reference Laboratory.
Timeline
--------
Cholera epidemics have been occurring every year in Zimbabwe since
1998. Between January and April 2008, a relatively small epidemic
occurred in 16 districts of Mashonaland East, Mashonaland Central,
Mashonaland West, Harare, and Manicaland, with less than 2000 cases
recorded in total.
Cholera resurfaced on 20 Aug 2008 in Chitungwiza city, just south of
Harare. There is no evidence that the 2 epidemics are independent: in
the present context of low access to health care, low-level
transmission could have gone on undetected.
During September 2008, cholera cases began to be reported in Makonde
and Chinhoyi urban districts (Mashonaland West). By the end of
October 2008, outbreaks were reported 2 more districts of the same
province (Kariba rural and urban districts); 2 districts of
Mashonaland East (Mudzi and Murehwa); and, critically, in Harare
city, where explosive outbreaks began, centered around Budiriro
suburb, in the southwest. As of the end of October 2008, however,
only 3 provinces and 8 districts were affected.
Between 1 and 15 Nov 2008, the epidemic swept through Zimbabwe,
affecting 6 more provinces and 46 more districts. After that time,
the expansion appears to have slowed down, with only 3 further
districts reporting outbreaks. However, this may partly be
attributable to inadequate surveillance.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The full report can be found at
<http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db9 ... report.pdf>.
The following table shows cases in each province and district
Province:
District / Suspected cases to 15 Dec 2008 / Deaths / Case Fatality
Rate (percent)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Harare:
-------
Chitungwiza / 551 / 99 / 18.0
Epworth / 158 / 1 / 0.7
Harare / 8454 / 208 / 2.5
Bulawayo:
---------
Bulawayo / 152 / 11 / 7.2
Mashonaland West:
-----------------
Chegutu / 378 / 99 / 27.1
Hurungwe / 14 / 1 / 7.1
Kadoma / 361 / 5 / 1.4
Kariba / 224 / 11 / 4.9
Mahombakombe / 193 / 8 / 4.1
Makonde / 208 / 29 / 13.9
Zvimba / 13 / 0 / 0.0
Mashonaland East:
-----------------
Chikomba / 16 / 1 / 6.3
Goromonzi / 194 / 17 / 8.8
Hwedza / 2 / 0 / 0.0
Marondera / 23 / 5 / 21.7
Mudzi / 1550 / 41 / 2.6
Murehwa / 56 / 4 / 7.1
Mutoko / 104 / 17 / 16.3
Seke / 83 / 11 / 13.3
UMP / 17 / 2 / 11.8
Midlands:
---------
Gokwe North / 3 / 0 / 0.0
Gokwe South / 5 / 0 / 0.0
Gweru / 167 / 3 / 1.8
Kwekwe / 10 / 1 / 10.0
Mberengwa / 52 / 9 / 17.3
Shurungwi / 23 / 6 / 26.1
Zvishavane / 93 / 9 / 9.7
Masvingo:
---------
Bikita / 32 / 16 / 50.0
Chiredzi / 56 / 9 / 16.1
Chivi / 28 / 14 / 50.0
Gutu / 5 / 4 / 80.0
Masvingo / 120 / 13 / 10.8
Mwenezi / 40 / 7 / 17.5
Manicaland:
-----------
Buhera / 302 / 24 / 7.9
Chinanimani / 200 / 12 / 6.0
Chipinge / 49 / 13 / 26.5
Makoni / 261 / 36 / 13.8
Mutare / 7 / 0 / 0.0
Mutasa / 7 / 5 / 71.4
Matabeleland South:
-------------------
Beitbridge / 3456 / 91 / 2.6
Gwanda / 19 / 0 / 0.0
Mangwe (Plumtree) / 1 / 0.0
[A map of Zimbabwe with provinces can be found at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... mbabwe.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Zimbabwe is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?v=-19,29.9,6>. - Mod.LL]
******
[2] Cholera - Zimbabwe
Date: Mon 15 Dec 2008
Source: BBC News [edited]
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7784392.stm>
The United Nations says 978 people have now been killed by the
cholera outbreak in Zimbabwe, an increase of 25 percent from the last
figure given 3 days ago. The UN's office for humanitarian affairs
says 18 413 suspected cases have been reported across the country
since the outbreak began in August 2008.
The UN's Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
said the worst hit area was the capital, Harare, with 208 confirmed
deaths and 8454 suspected cases.
The UN has said it estimates up to 60 000 people may eventually be affected.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The number of cases of cholera in this catastrophic situation in
Zimbabwe continues to rise dramatically, underscoring the need for
rapid intervention. Since the last posting on 12 Dec 2008, there were
2272 more cases reported, with 203 more deaths. - Mod.LL]
******
[3] Cholera - South Africa
Date: Tue 16 Dec 2008
Source: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) [edited]
<http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db9 ... report.pdf?>
Epidemiological data as of 10 Dec 2008
Province / Cumulative cases / Cumulative deaths / Lab confirmed
Limpopo / 664 / 8 / 21
Gauteng / 40 / 2 / 15
Mpumalanga / 1 / 0 / 1
KwaZulu Natal / 2 / 1 / 2
Northwest / 1 / 0 / 1
East Cape / 1 / 0 / 1
Northern Cape / 1 / - / 1
Total / 720 / 11 / 41
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[It is not clear from any of these posts from Zimbabwe's neighboring
countries whether any of the cases reported were acquired in that
country or whether all the cases were indeed imported from Zimbabwe.
A map of South Africa showing the proximity of the mentioned areas of
Limpopo province (referred to as northern province on the map) can be found at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... uthafr.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of South Africa can be seen at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=1085597&v=-26,29.5,5>. - Mod.LL]
******
[4] Cholera - Botswana (Central Province)
Date: Tue 16 Dec 2008
Source: The Daily News, Botswana Press Agency (BOPA) report [edited]
<http://www.mcst.gov.bw/dailynews/newsde ... d=%2011829>
One confirmed and 3 suspected cases of cholera have been reported in
the Tutume Sub-district, making it the 3rd district in Botswana to be
affected by cholera. Confirmed cases have already been reported in
the North East and Serowe/Palapye areas.
According to the Senior Nursing Officer, Ms Tebogo Gabathusi, the
cases in the sub-district occurred at the small village of
Mafungo/Hubona near Mathangwane. She said all the cases, which were
recorded last week, were initially evaluated at Mathangwane clinic
and later referred to Nyangabgwe Referral Hospital for admission and treatment.
Health authorities have complained that Mafungo/Hubona has a large
influx of Zimbabwean illegal immigrants, and that lack of law
enforcement officers in the village significantly contributes to the situation.
[Byline: Olekantse Sennamose]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The cases may well be imported from Zimbabwe but that is not stated.
The area involved is in the Central province of Botswana, which
borders on Zimbabwe and South Africa and can be found on a map at
<http://www.mapsofworld.com/botswana/map ... na-map.jpg>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Botswana is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=933851&v=-22,26,5>. - Mod.LL]
******
[5] Cholera - Zambia
Date: Tue 16 Dec 2008
Source: AllAfrica, The Times of Zambia report [edited]
<http://allafrica.com/stories/200812160408.html>
Only 19 cases of cholera are currently under treatment in Lusaka
District, which recorded 176 patients in the last 2 months, the
Ministry of Health has said.
Speaking at a Press briefing in Lusaka yesterday [15 Dec 2008],
Health Deputy Minister Mwendoi Akakandelwa said cholera in Northern,
Luapula, and Southern provinces had been brought under control.
Mr Akakandelwa said some of the cholera treatment centres that were
set up in Northern and Luapula provinces had been closed while
Southern Province had no case of cholera as the 3 patients who were
receiving treatment in Mazabuka had recovered and were discharged.
"In Lusaka District, over the past 2 months we have seen 176 patients
and successfully treated 153. The 4 that we lost died because of
getting to our health facilities late, 3 in Kanyama and one in
Chawama," he said.
Mr Akakandelwa said Lusaka District had 19 patients under treatment
with 17 of the patients admitted to Kanyama Health Centre and the
other two admitted to Chipata Health Centre.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[It is not stated how many of the cases were linked to the outbreak
in Zimbabwe.
A map at of Zambia showing the provinces can be accessed at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... zambia.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail map of Zambia is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?v=-14,27.8,5>. - Mod.LL]
**********************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
In this update:
Africa
[1], [2] Cholera - Zimbabwe
[3] Cholera - South Africa
[4] Cholera - Botswana (Central Province)
[5] Cholera - Zambia
******
[1] Cholera - Zimbabwe
Date: Mon 15 Dec 2008
Source: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
(OCHA), ReliefWeb, World Health Organization (WHO) report [edited]
<http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db9 ... enDocument>
Cholera in Zimbabwe: epidemiological bulletin No. 1 -- 15 Dec 2008
------------------------------------------------------------------
This is the 1st epidemiological bulletin to be issued since the
August 2008 onset of a countrywide cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe.
Further bulletins are planned with a weekly frequency, coinciding
with the end of each epidemiological week (Sunday to Saturday). In
addition, daily short epidemiological updates are envisaged: these
will eventually integrate and supplement the current OCHA daily
cumulative caseload updates.
This epidemiological bulletin aims to provide an overview of the
epidemic throughout Zimbabwe, including province-by-province data, so
as to inform and improve the ongoing public health response. It also
provides guidance to agencies on issues relating to data collection,
analysis, and interpretation, and suggests operational strategies on
the basis of epidemiological patterns so far.
Readers will find that, for most provinces, the bulletin relies on
incomplete and somewhat outdated data, with the last date of
reporting being between 2 and 21 days before its date of publication.
The WHO Cholera Outbreak Response Team is working hard to improve
surveillance. The challenges are daunting, due to the countrywide
nature of the epidemic (56 districts affected; more than 100 cholera
treatment centres or units estimated to be operating); human resource
and material shortages at province and district level; communications
problems; and the fulminant nature of cholera outbreaks.
So as to improve surveillance, agencies directly engaged in case
management are strongly encouraged to share daily data with the
respective District Health Teams: this will ensure consistency and
reliability of data. While focus must be on strengthening Zimbabwe's
surveillance system, the WHO Cholera Outbreak Response Team greatly
welcomes feedback and data provided by individual agencies, and will
take these into account when producing further bulletins. Given the
scope of this epidemic, errors and omissions are almost inevitable:
we will be grateful for any information that helps to rectify these.
Overview of the epidemic
------------------------
A countrywide epidemic of cholera has been occurring in Zimbabwe
since August 2008. The epidemic currently affects 9 out of the 10
provinces in the country, and at least 57 (67.9 percent) out of a
total of 84 rural and urban districts (see the Annexes and Figure 1
[see full document URL below. - Mod.LL]) As of 15 Dec 2008, a total
of 18 413 suspected cases had been reported to the World Health
Organization (WHO), by way of the Ministry of Health and Child
Welfare (MoHCW)'s surveillance department. Table 3 [see below] in the
Annexes details the districts affected and the dates on which the 1st
cases were reported.
In all provinces affected, _Vibrio cholerae_ has been isolated from
suspected cases. Two serotypes have been found: Ogawa in Harare urban
and Beitbridge city, Matabeleland South; and both Ogawa and Inaba in
Chegutu and Makonde districts, Mashonaland West. Drug sensitivity
testing was carried out in some of the affected provinces, but to
date, results of these investigations have not been consolidated.
Tests on Mudzi samples are currently being carried out at the
National Reference Laboratory.
Timeline
--------
Cholera epidemics have been occurring every year in Zimbabwe since
1998. Between January and April 2008, a relatively small epidemic
occurred in 16 districts of Mashonaland East, Mashonaland Central,
Mashonaland West, Harare, and Manicaland, with less than 2000 cases
recorded in total.
Cholera resurfaced on 20 Aug 2008 in Chitungwiza city, just south of
Harare. There is no evidence that the 2 epidemics are independent: in
the present context of low access to health care, low-level
transmission could have gone on undetected.
During September 2008, cholera cases began to be reported in Makonde
and Chinhoyi urban districts (Mashonaland West). By the end of
October 2008, outbreaks were reported 2 more districts of the same
province (Kariba rural and urban districts); 2 districts of
Mashonaland East (Mudzi and Murehwa); and, critically, in Harare
city, where explosive outbreaks began, centered around Budiriro
suburb, in the southwest. As of the end of October 2008, however,
only 3 provinces and 8 districts were affected.
Between 1 and 15 Nov 2008, the epidemic swept through Zimbabwe,
affecting 6 more provinces and 46 more districts. After that time,
the expansion appears to have slowed down, with only 3 further
districts reporting outbreaks. However, this may partly be
attributable to inadequate surveillance.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The full report can be found at
<http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db9 ... report.pdf>.
The following table shows cases in each province and district
Province:
District / Suspected cases to 15 Dec 2008 / Deaths / Case Fatality
Rate (percent)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Harare:
-------
Chitungwiza / 551 / 99 / 18.0
Epworth / 158 / 1 / 0.7
Harare / 8454 / 208 / 2.5
Bulawayo:
---------
Bulawayo / 152 / 11 / 7.2
Mashonaland West:
-----------------
Chegutu / 378 / 99 / 27.1
Hurungwe / 14 / 1 / 7.1
Kadoma / 361 / 5 / 1.4
Kariba / 224 / 11 / 4.9
Mahombakombe / 193 / 8 / 4.1
Makonde / 208 / 29 / 13.9
Zvimba / 13 / 0 / 0.0
Mashonaland East:
-----------------
Chikomba / 16 / 1 / 6.3
Goromonzi / 194 / 17 / 8.8
Hwedza / 2 / 0 / 0.0
Marondera / 23 / 5 / 21.7
Mudzi / 1550 / 41 / 2.6
Murehwa / 56 / 4 / 7.1
Mutoko / 104 / 17 / 16.3
Seke / 83 / 11 / 13.3
UMP / 17 / 2 / 11.8
Midlands:
---------
Gokwe North / 3 / 0 / 0.0
Gokwe South / 5 / 0 / 0.0
Gweru / 167 / 3 / 1.8
Kwekwe / 10 / 1 / 10.0
Mberengwa / 52 / 9 / 17.3
Shurungwi / 23 / 6 / 26.1
Zvishavane / 93 / 9 / 9.7
Masvingo:
---------
Bikita / 32 / 16 / 50.0
Chiredzi / 56 / 9 / 16.1
Chivi / 28 / 14 / 50.0
Gutu / 5 / 4 / 80.0
Masvingo / 120 / 13 / 10.8
Mwenezi / 40 / 7 / 17.5
Manicaland:
-----------
Buhera / 302 / 24 / 7.9
Chinanimani / 200 / 12 / 6.0
Chipinge / 49 / 13 / 26.5
Makoni / 261 / 36 / 13.8
Mutare / 7 / 0 / 0.0
Mutasa / 7 / 5 / 71.4
Matabeleland South:
-------------------
Beitbridge / 3456 / 91 / 2.6
Gwanda / 19 / 0 / 0.0
Mangwe (Plumtree) / 1 / 0.0
[A map of Zimbabwe with provinces can be found at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... mbabwe.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Zimbabwe is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?v=-19,29.9,6>. - Mod.LL]
******
[2] Cholera - Zimbabwe
Date: Mon 15 Dec 2008
Source: BBC News [edited]
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7784392.stm>
The United Nations says 978 people have now been killed by the
cholera outbreak in Zimbabwe, an increase of 25 percent from the last
figure given 3 days ago. The UN's office for humanitarian affairs
says 18 413 suspected cases have been reported across the country
since the outbreak began in August 2008.
The UN's Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
said the worst hit area was the capital, Harare, with 208 confirmed
deaths and 8454 suspected cases.
The UN has said it estimates up to 60 000 people may eventually be affected.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The number of cases of cholera in this catastrophic situation in
Zimbabwe continues to rise dramatically, underscoring the need for
rapid intervention. Since the last posting on 12 Dec 2008, there were
2272 more cases reported, with 203 more deaths. - Mod.LL]
******
[3] Cholera - South Africa
Date: Tue 16 Dec 2008
Source: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) [edited]
<http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db9 ... report.pdf?>
Epidemiological data as of 10 Dec 2008
Province / Cumulative cases / Cumulative deaths / Lab confirmed
Limpopo / 664 / 8 / 21
Gauteng / 40 / 2 / 15
Mpumalanga / 1 / 0 / 1
KwaZulu Natal / 2 / 1 / 2
Northwest / 1 / 0 / 1
East Cape / 1 / 0 / 1
Northern Cape / 1 / - / 1
Total / 720 / 11 / 41
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[It is not clear from any of these posts from Zimbabwe's neighboring
countries whether any of the cases reported were acquired in that
country or whether all the cases were indeed imported from Zimbabwe.
A map of South Africa showing the proximity of the mentioned areas of
Limpopo province (referred to as northern province on the map) can be found at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... uthafr.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of South Africa can be seen at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=1085597&v=-26,29.5,5>. - Mod.LL]
******
[4] Cholera - Botswana (Central Province)
Date: Tue 16 Dec 2008
Source: The Daily News, Botswana Press Agency (BOPA) report [edited]
<http://www.mcst.gov.bw/dailynews/newsde ... d=%2011829>
One confirmed and 3 suspected cases of cholera have been reported in
the Tutume Sub-district, making it the 3rd district in Botswana to be
affected by cholera. Confirmed cases have already been reported in
the North East and Serowe/Palapye areas.
According to the Senior Nursing Officer, Ms Tebogo Gabathusi, the
cases in the sub-district occurred at the small village of
Mafungo/Hubona near Mathangwane. She said all the cases, which were
recorded last week, were initially evaluated at Mathangwane clinic
and later referred to Nyangabgwe Referral Hospital for admission and treatment.
Health authorities have complained that Mafungo/Hubona has a large
influx of Zimbabwean illegal immigrants, and that lack of law
enforcement officers in the village significantly contributes to the situation.
[Byline: Olekantse Sennamose]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The cases may well be imported from Zimbabwe but that is not stated.
The area involved is in the Central province of Botswana, which
borders on Zimbabwe and South Africa and can be found on a map at
<http://www.mapsofworld.com/botswana/map ... na-map.jpg>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Botswana is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=933851&v=-22,26,5>. - Mod.LL]
******
[5] Cholera - Zambia
Date: Tue 16 Dec 2008
Source: AllAfrica, The Times of Zambia report [edited]
<http://allafrica.com/stories/200812160408.html>
Only 19 cases of cholera are currently under treatment in Lusaka
District, which recorded 176 patients in the last 2 months, the
Ministry of Health has said.
Speaking at a Press briefing in Lusaka yesterday [15 Dec 2008],
Health Deputy Minister Mwendoi Akakandelwa said cholera in Northern,
Luapula, and Southern provinces had been brought under control.
Mr Akakandelwa said some of the cholera treatment centres that were
set up in Northern and Luapula provinces had been closed while
Southern Province had no case of cholera as the 3 patients who were
receiving treatment in Mazabuka had recovered and were discharged.
"In Lusaka District, over the past 2 months we have seen 176 patients
and successfully treated 153. The 4 that we lost died because of
getting to our health facilities late, 3 in Kanyama and one in
Chawama," he said.
Mr Akakandelwa said Lusaka District had 19 patients under treatment
with 17 of the patients admitted to Kanyama Health Centre and the
other two admitted to Chipata Health Centre.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[It is not stated how many of the cases were linked to the outbreak
in Zimbabwe.
A map at of Zambia showing the provinces can be accessed at
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... zambia.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail map of Zambia is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?v=-14,27.8,5>. - Mod.LL]
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35366
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Re: Aktuelle Epidemien in Afrika
HEPATITIS E VIRUS - UGANDA (13): (BUNDIBUGYO), NOT, REQUEST FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION
***********************************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
Date: Fri 12 Dec 2008
Source: The New Vision, Uganda [edited]
<http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/664404>
Mysterious disease kills 2
--------------------------
The death of 2 more people from the yet unidentified disease in
Bundibugyo district has intensified fear among residents. A Uganda
People's Defence Forces (UPDF) soldier attached to Butogo army detach
and a local man died on Tuesday [9 Dec 2008]. The local man, a
resident of Ntoroto parish in Kasitu Sub County met his death at
Kikyo Health Centre IV, where he had been admitted. At the time of
his admission, he had high fever, was vomiting and passing out blood.
The Chief Administrative Officer Bundibugyo, Elias Byamungu said the
dead UPDF soldier had been admitted at Bundibugyo Hospital on Monday
[8 Dec 2008]. He said 2 other patients who had been admitted in the
isolation ward have been discharged.
The district health officer, Dr. William Sikeyewunda said blood
samples have been sent to Entebbe for investigations. Last week [1-5
Dec 2008], the ministry of health and World Health Organisation
officials rushed to Bundibugyo, following the death of 15 people,
from suspected hepatitis E. The blood samples were taken to the
Uganda Virus Research Institute in Entebbe and the results returned negative.
The Ministry of Health has dismissed reports that it might be the
re-emergence of the deadly Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fevers,
which hit Bundibugyo district last year [2007].
(By Hope Mafaranga)
--
Contributed by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[It appears that laboratory tests have not confirmed the suspicion
that hepatitis E virus infection had reached the Bindibugyo district
from those district of Uganda harboring refugees from the country's
northern neighbors.
The 2 most recent fatal cases in the district exhibited signs and
symptoms reminiscent of the outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever which
affected the district earlier in 2008. The local health authorities
are discounting this, perhaps to allay panic in the area. Further
information would be welcomed as soon as a final diagnosis becomes available.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Uganda is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=443329&v=0.833,30.25,6>, and a
detailed map of the Bundibugyo region of western Uganda can be accessed at
<http://www.maplandia.com/uganda/bundibugyo/>. - Mod.CP]
FURTHER INFORMATION
***********************************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
Date: Fri 12 Dec 2008
Source: The New Vision, Uganda [edited]
<http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/664404>
Mysterious disease kills 2
--------------------------
The death of 2 more people from the yet unidentified disease in
Bundibugyo district has intensified fear among residents. A Uganda
People's Defence Forces (UPDF) soldier attached to Butogo army detach
and a local man died on Tuesday [9 Dec 2008]. The local man, a
resident of Ntoroto parish in Kasitu Sub County met his death at
Kikyo Health Centre IV, where he had been admitted. At the time of
his admission, he had high fever, was vomiting and passing out blood.
The Chief Administrative Officer Bundibugyo, Elias Byamungu said the
dead UPDF soldier had been admitted at Bundibugyo Hospital on Monday
[8 Dec 2008]. He said 2 other patients who had been admitted in the
isolation ward have been discharged.
The district health officer, Dr. William Sikeyewunda said blood
samples have been sent to Entebbe for investigations. Last week [1-5
Dec 2008], the ministry of health and World Health Organisation
officials rushed to Bundibugyo, following the death of 15 people,
from suspected hepatitis E. The blood samples were taken to the
Uganda Virus Research Institute in Entebbe and the results returned negative.
The Ministry of Health has dismissed reports that it might be the
re-emergence of the deadly Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fevers,
which hit Bundibugyo district last year [2007].
(By Hope Mafaranga)
--
Contributed by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[It appears that laboratory tests have not confirmed the suspicion
that hepatitis E virus infection had reached the Bindibugyo district
from those district of Uganda harboring refugees from the country's
northern neighbors.
The 2 most recent fatal cases in the district exhibited signs and
symptoms reminiscent of the outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever which
affected the district earlier in 2008. The local health authorities
are discounting this, perhaps to allay panic in the area. Further
information would be welcomed as soon as a final diagnosis becomes available.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Uganda is available at
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=443329&v=0.833,30.25,6>, and a
detailed map of the Bundibugyo region of western Uganda can be accessed at
<http://www.maplandia.com/uganda/bundibugyo/>. - Mod.CP]
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35366
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Re: Aktuelle Epidemien in Afrika
CHOLERA, DIARRHEA & DYSENTERY UPDATE 2008 (54)
**********************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
In this update:
Africa
[1] Cholera - Zimbabwe
[2] Cholera - South Africa (Western Cape province) NOT ex Zimbabwe
[3] Cholera - Uganda (Arua)
[4] Cholera - Nigeria (Niger state)
[5] Cholera - Congo DR (eastern provinces)
[6] Cholera - Malawi (Central Region)
[7] Cholera - Botswana (Northeast, Central provinces) ex Zimbabwe
*****
[1] Cholera - Zimbabwe
Date: Thu 18 Dec 2008
Source: Associated Press [edited]
<http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/art ... AD9552O1O0>
The cholera death toll in Zimbabwe has risen above 1000, the United
Nations said Thursday [18 Dec 2008]. A total of 1111 deaths were
recorded by Wednesday [17 Dec 2008], an increase of 133 in 2 days,
the UN humanitarian office in Geneva said.
The latest figures, which are compiled by the WHO, also show that the
number of cases has risen to 20 581 since the start of the cholera
outbreak in August 2008. On Monday [15 Dec 2008], health officials
had spoken of 18 413 cases and 978 deaths.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The number of cases of cholera in this catastrophic situation in
Zimbabwe continues to rise dramatically, underscoring the need for
rapid intervention. Since the last posting on 15 Dec 2008, there were
2168 more cases reported, with 133 more deaths.
[A map of Zimbabwe with provinces can be found at:
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... mbabwe.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Zimbabwe is available at:
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?v=-19,29.9,6>. - Mod.LL]
*****
[2] Cholera - South Africa (Western Cape province) NOT ex Zimbabwe
Date: Thu 18 Dec 2008
Source: Independent Online [edited]
<http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1 ... 791C711028>
A 4-month-old baby is being treated for cholera at the Karl Bremer
Hospital in Western Cape, the province's health department said on
Thursday [18 Dec 2008]. Spokesperson Faiza Steyn said the child from
Wallacedene informal settlement in Kraaifontein had been stabilized.
He was admitted on 6 Dec 2008.
"The specimen of this case was forwarded to the National Institute
for Communicable Diseases (NICD) for further laboratory analysis, to
ascertain the strain of cholera that was identified," said Steyn.
The child had no history of recent travel to Zimbabwe and or close
contact with a cholera case. Laboratory investigations on contacts of
this case were negative for the disease, said Steyn.
"It is not known at this stage where he could have got the disease
from; but hot weather and poor environmental living conditions could
be some of the factors," she said.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[In the report of cholera in South Africa, the Western Cape province
was not included. This case appears clearly to have been acquired in
the province which can be seen on a map of the country at:
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... uthafr.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of South Africa can be seen at:
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=1085597&v=-26,29.5,5>. - Mod.LL]
*****
[3] Cholera - Uganda (Arua)
Date: Wed 17 Dec 2008
Source: The Monitor Online [edited]
<http://www.monitor.co.ug/artman/publish ... 6996.shtml>
The poor Arua residents are grappling with endemic cholera as the Oli
Division in the Municipality is facing an outbreak of the disease in
low-income neighborhoods.
In just a month, over 38 cases have been registered, mainly in the
division, including 3 deaths district-wide. Statistics indicate that
28 people have been admitted at Oli Health Centre with one death
case. "Oli Health Centre has become Arua's referral hospital with
overcrowding of patients," the Municipal Health officer Dr Paul Onzubo said.
[Byline: Warom Felix Okello]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The Arua district is in northwestern Uganda and can be seen on a map at:
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... uganda.pdf>. The
area borders with eastern Congo DR where cholera has also been
occurring. - Mod.LL]
*****
[4] Cholera - Nigeria (Niger state)
Date: Thu 18 Dec 2008
Source: Nigerian Tribune [edited]
<http://www.tribune.com.ng/18122008/news/news16.html>
An outbreak of cholera in the Egbagi Majin village in Kede district
of Mokwa Local Government Area of Niger State has reportedly claimed
8 lives, one of them being the wife of the village head. A majority
of those who died, according to a report from the village, were women.
Nigerian Tribune has learned that about 15 others were hospitalized
as a result of the outbreak. According to a source in the area, the
outbreak could have been as a result of contaminated water being
drunk by the villagers who were just relocating after a flood
disaster 2 months ago.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The Niger state of Nuigeria is in the west-central part of the
country and can be seen on a map at:
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... igeria.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
*****
[5] Cholera - Congo DR (eastern provinces)
Date: Tue 16 Dec 2008
Source: Int Fed of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) [edited]
<http://reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SI ... enDocument>
Since early October 2008, high morbidity and mortality rates
associated with a cholera epidemic outbreak have been registered in
the Maniema, Katanga, North and South Kivu provinces. Ministry of
Health (MoH) statistics show that more than 25 503 cholera cases had
been registered, including 515 deaths in the localities mentioned
below. The following are statistics from the MoH.
In Katanga province, more than 10 214 cases and 229 deaths have been
registered and Red Cross efforts will be concentrated on towns such
as Lubumbashi, Likasi, Kolwezi, Bukama and Kasenga localities where
the mortality rate is very high. In the last week of November 2008,
the Kipushi health zone was noted as one of the most affected, with
several cases registered. A Red Cross team was sent to the field to
assess the situation in the Kipushi health zone which is also
reported to be badly affected.
In Maniema province the focus is on the Kailo, Alunguli, Kindu and
Basoko health zones, where according to the Maniema provincial
committee of the RCDRC, 189 cases and 11 deaths have been registered
over the past weeks. This information has been confirmed by the World
Health Organization (WHO).
In North Kivu, where ICRC is working, the health zones of Binza,
Bwambizo, Goma, Karisimbi, Kirotche, Masisi, Rutchuru and Walikale
are most affected, with nearly 8826 cases and more than 229 deaths
registered out of a total population of 1 272 981 inhabitants. The
possibility to carry out sensitization, disinfection, environmental
hygiene and water chlorination is more difficult in this region due
to the ongoing conflict. The numbers registered are those recorded in
the local hospital and do not include those occurring in other health
centres or at home. By the same period, well more than 5000 cases
have been registered in South Kivu, with the most affected health
zones including Minova (which shares boundaries with North Kivu),
Nundu, Baraka/Fizi (which is an endemic zone), Kalehe, Ruzizi,
Katana, Kabare, the town of Bukavu, Kadutu and Bagira. 1229 cases
have been registered so far in these localities alone, and there are
indications that this number is growing rapidly.
Overall, there is clear concern that the numbers are of a significant
level and there is a serious risk of the disease further spreading in
the 4 provinces already affected and also beyond. In which case, the
RCDRC, supported by the International Federation, needs to be
prepared to respond in those provinces not supported by the ICRC.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The provinces involved are along the eastern border of Congo DR and
can be found on a map at:
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... rcongo.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
*****
[6] Cholera - Malawi (Central Region)
Date: Wed 17 Dec 2008
Source: African Press Agency [edited]
<http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=sho ... icle=83244>
(subscription required)
Cholera in Malawi has claimed 5 lives and more than 80 cases have
been recorded at the country's privately-run Likuni Hospital owned by
the Catholic Church in the capital Lilongwe, Director for Preventive
Health in the Ministry of Health, Stone Kabuluzi, confirmed here on
Wednesday [17 Dec 2008].
He told APA during an interview that the disease was fast spreading
among the rural community and that the number of cholera cases had
doubled at the hospital since the onset of the rainy season. "Today
[17 Dec 2008] the hospital has received 8 cases to increase the
number to 88 cholera cases with 5 deaths," he said.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The area is located in the Central Region of Malawi and can be seen
on a map at:
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... malawi.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
*****
[7] Cholera - Botswana (Northeast, Central provinces) ex Zimbabwe
Date: Thu 18 Dec 2008
Source: Daily News Online [edited]
<http://www.mcst.gov.bw/dailynews/newsde ... p?id=11842>
Botswana has so far recorded 8 suspected cases of cholera. Speaking
at a media briefing at the Ministry of Health, Mrs. Shenaz El-Halabi,
Director of Public Health said of the 8, only 3 have been confirmed
to be cholera not 4 as reported in the media.
She said 1 case was confirmed in the Serowe/ Palapye area (Sekgoma
hospital) while the remaining 2 cases were confirmed in Francistown
(Nyangabwe Hospital). All 3 cholera victims are from neighbouring Zimbabwe.
[Bylines: Kesentse Ketumile and Tshegofatso Sentsho]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Francistown is in the Northeast and Serowe in the Central Province
of Botswana and can be seen on a map at:
<http://www.mapsofworld.com/botswana/map ... na-map.jpg>. - Mod.LL]
**********************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
In this update:
Africa
[1] Cholera - Zimbabwe
[2] Cholera - South Africa (Western Cape province) NOT ex Zimbabwe
[3] Cholera - Uganda (Arua)
[4] Cholera - Nigeria (Niger state)
[5] Cholera - Congo DR (eastern provinces)
[6] Cholera - Malawi (Central Region)
[7] Cholera - Botswana (Northeast, Central provinces) ex Zimbabwe
*****
[1] Cholera - Zimbabwe
Date: Thu 18 Dec 2008
Source: Associated Press [edited]
<http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/art ... AD9552O1O0>
The cholera death toll in Zimbabwe has risen above 1000, the United
Nations said Thursday [18 Dec 2008]. A total of 1111 deaths were
recorded by Wednesday [17 Dec 2008], an increase of 133 in 2 days,
the UN humanitarian office in Geneva said.
The latest figures, which are compiled by the WHO, also show that the
number of cases has risen to 20 581 since the start of the cholera
outbreak in August 2008. On Monday [15 Dec 2008], health officials
had spoken of 18 413 cases and 978 deaths.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The number of cases of cholera in this catastrophic situation in
Zimbabwe continues to rise dramatically, underscoring the need for
rapid intervention. Since the last posting on 15 Dec 2008, there were
2168 more cases reported, with 133 more deaths.
[A map of Zimbabwe with provinces can be found at:
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... mbabwe.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Zimbabwe is available at:
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?v=-19,29.9,6>. - Mod.LL]
*****
[2] Cholera - South Africa (Western Cape province) NOT ex Zimbabwe
Date: Thu 18 Dec 2008
Source: Independent Online [edited]
<http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1 ... 791C711028>
A 4-month-old baby is being treated for cholera at the Karl Bremer
Hospital in Western Cape, the province's health department said on
Thursday [18 Dec 2008]. Spokesperson Faiza Steyn said the child from
Wallacedene informal settlement in Kraaifontein had been stabilized.
He was admitted on 6 Dec 2008.
"The specimen of this case was forwarded to the National Institute
for Communicable Diseases (NICD) for further laboratory analysis, to
ascertain the strain of cholera that was identified," said Steyn.
The child had no history of recent travel to Zimbabwe and or close
contact with a cholera case. Laboratory investigations on contacts of
this case were negative for the disease, said Steyn.
"It is not known at this stage where he could have got the disease
from; but hot weather and poor environmental living conditions could
be some of the factors," she said.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[In the report of cholera in South Africa, the Western Cape province
was not included. This case appears clearly to have been acquired in
the province which can be seen on a map of the country at:
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... uthafr.pdf>.
The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of South Africa can be seen at:
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=1085597&v=-26,29.5,5>. - Mod.LL]
*****
[3] Cholera - Uganda (Arua)
Date: Wed 17 Dec 2008
Source: The Monitor Online [edited]
<http://www.monitor.co.ug/artman/publish ... 6996.shtml>
The poor Arua residents are grappling with endemic cholera as the Oli
Division in the Municipality is facing an outbreak of the disease in
low-income neighborhoods.
In just a month, over 38 cases have been registered, mainly in the
division, including 3 deaths district-wide. Statistics indicate that
28 people have been admitted at Oli Health Centre with one death
case. "Oli Health Centre has become Arua's referral hospital with
overcrowding of patients," the Municipal Health officer Dr Paul Onzubo said.
[Byline: Warom Felix Okello]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The Arua district is in northwestern Uganda and can be seen on a map at:
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... uganda.pdf>. The
area borders with eastern Congo DR where cholera has also been
occurring. - Mod.LL]
*****
[4] Cholera - Nigeria (Niger state)
Date: Thu 18 Dec 2008
Source: Nigerian Tribune [edited]
<http://www.tribune.com.ng/18122008/news/news16.html>
An outbreak of cholera in the Egbagi Majin village in Kede district
of Mokwa Local Government Area of Niger State has reportedly claimed
8 lives, one of them being the wife of the village head. A majority
of those who died, according to a report from the village, were women.
Nigerian Tribune has learned that about 15 others were hospitalized
as a result of the outbreak. According to a source in the area, the
outbreak could have been as a result of contaminated water being
drunk by the villagers who were just relocating after a flood
disaster 2 months ago.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The Niger state of Nuigeria is in the west-central part of the
country and can be seen on a map at:
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... igeria.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
*****
[5] Cholera - Congo DR (eastern provinces)
Date: Tue 16 Dec 2008
Source: Int Fed of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) [edited]
<http://reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SI ... enDocument>
Since early October 2008, high morbidity and mortality rates
associated with a cholera epidemic outbreak have been registered in
the Maniema, Katanga, North and South Kivu provinces. Ministry of
Health (MoH) statistics show that more than 25 503 cholera cases had
been registered, including 515 deaths in the localities mentioned
below. The following are statistics from the MoH.
In Katanga province, more than 10 214 cases and 229 deaths have been
registered and Red Cross efforts will be concentrated on towns such
as Lubumbashi, Likasi, Kolwezi, Bukama and Kasenga localities where
the mortality rate is very high. In the last week of November 2008,
the Kipushi health zone was noted as one of the most affected, with
several cases registered. A Red Cross team was sent to the field to
assess the situation in the Kipushi health zone which is also
reported to be badly affected.
In Maniema province the focus is on the Kailo, Alunguli, Kindu and
Basoko health zones, where according to the Maniema provincial
committee of the RCDRC, 189 cases and 11 deaths have been registered
over the past weeks. This information has been confirmed by the World
Health Organization (WHO).
In North Kivu, where ICRC is working, the health zones of Binza,
Bwambizo, Goma, Karisimbi, Kirotche, Masisi, Rutchuru and Walikale
are most affected, with nearly 8826 cases and more than 229 deaths
registered out of a total population of 1 272 981 inhabitants. The
possibility to carry out sensitization, disinfection, environmental
hygiene and water chlorination is more difficult in this region due
to the ongoing conflict. The numbers registered are those recorded in
the local hospital and do not include those occurring in other health
centres or at home. By the same period, well more than 5000 cases
have been registered in South Kivu, with the most affected health
zones including Minova (which shares boundaries with North Kivu),
Nundu, Baraka/Fizi (which is an endemic zone), Kalehe, Ruzizi,
Katana, Kabare, the town of Bukavu, Kadutu and Bagira. 1229 cases
have been registered so far in these localities alone, and there are
indications that this number is growing rapidly.
Overall, there is clear concern that the numbers are of a significant
level and there is a serious risk of the disease further spreading in
the 4 provinces already affected and also beyond. In which case, the
RCDRC, supported by the International Federation, needs to be
prepared to respond in those provinces not supported by the ICRC.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The provinces involved are along the eastern border of Congo DR and
can be found on a map at:
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... rcongo.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
*****
[6] Cholera - Malawi (Central Region)
Date: Wed 17 Dec 2008
Source: African Press Agency [edited]
<http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=sho ... icle=83244>
(subscription required)
Cholera in Malawi has claimed 5 lives and more than 80 cases have
been recorded at the country's privately-run Likuni Hospital owned by
the Catholic Church in the capital Lilongwe, Director for Preventive
Health in the Ministry of Health, Stone Kabuluzi, confirmed here on
Wednesday [17 Dec 2008].
He told APA during an interview that the disease was fast spreading
among the rural community and that the number of cholera cases had
doubled at the hospital since the onset of the rainy season. "Today
[17 Dec 2008] the hospital has received 8 cases to increase the
number to 88 cholera cases with 5 deaths," he said.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The area is located in the Central Region of Malawi and can be seen
on a map at:
<http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ma ... malawi.pdf>. - Mod.LL]
*****
[7] Cholera - Botswana (Northeast, Central provinces) ex Zimbabwe
Date: Thu 18 Dec 2008
Source: Daily News Online [edited]
<http://www.mcst.gov.bw/dailynews/newsde ... p?id=11842>
Botswana has so far recorded 8 suspected cases of cholera. Speaking
at a media briefing at the Ministry of Health, Mrs. Shenaz El-Halabi,
Director of Public Health said of the 8, only 3 have been confirmed
to be cholera not 4 as reported in the media.
She said 1 case was confirmed in the Serowe/ Palapye area (Sekgoma
hospital) while the remaining 2 cases were confirmed in Francistown
(Nyangabwe Hospital). All 3 cholera victims are from neighbouring Zimbabwe.
[Bylines: Kesentse Ketumile and Tshegofatso Sentsho]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Francistown is in the Northeast and Serowe in the Central Province
of Botswana and can be seen on a map at:
<http://www.mapsofworld.com/botswana/map ... na-map.jpg>. - Mod.LL]
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35366
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Re: Aktuelle Epidemien in Afrika
RABIES, HUMAN - UNITED KINGDOM (03): (NORTHERN IRELAND) ex SOUTH AFRICA
***********************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
Date: Fri 19 De 2008
Source: Health Protection Agency Report, Vol. 2, No. 51 [edited]
<http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/archives/2008 ... htm#rabies>
Case of imported rabies in the UK
---------------------------------
A case of imported human rabies has been identified in Northern
Ireland. The diagnosis was confirmed by tests on samples sent to the
United Kingdom National Reference Laboratory for Rabies at the
Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Weybridge, Surrey. The patient had
worked as a volunteer with animals in South Africa for short periods
during the past 2 years, and had close contact with various animals
including dogs. Rabies is endemic in South Africa where bites from
infected dogs are the main source of rabies in humans.
In the last 10 years there have been 3 previous cases of imported
human rabies in the UK. Although an estimated 55 000 cases of
classical rabies occur worldwide each year, there has never been a
virologically confirmed case of natural human to human transmission
of rabies. Despite the lack of evidence for human to human
transmission, some people who have been exposed to the secretions of
a patient with rabies may be offered post-exposure immunisation,
purely as a precautionary measure.
If bitten, scratched, or licked by a warm blooded animal in a
rabies-endemic country, people should wash the wound or site of
exposure (e.g., mucous membrane) with plenty of soap and water and
seek medical advice without delay, even if previously vaccinated. If
they do not seek medical treatment while abroad, they should still
seek it when they come home, even if some time after the event.
Following exposure an individual risk assessment should be undertaken
to determine the need for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with rabies
vaccine and/or immunoglobulin. PEP is highly effective in preventing
rabies if given promptly and there have been no cases of rabies in
the UK in people who have received rabies post exposure prophylaxis.
Travellers should always be advised to seek travel health advice well
in advance of their visit overseas to ensure that the risks of all
travel associated illness, not just rabies, have been explained.
Although rabies vaccine is not routinely advised for all travellers,
pre-exposure immunisation is recommended for those:
- working abroad (e.g., veterinary staff or zoologists) who by the
nature of their work are at risk of contact with rabid animals;
- living in or travelling for more than one month to rabies-enzootic
areas unless there is reliable access to prompt, safe medical care;
- travelling for less than one month to enzootic areas but who may
be exposed to rabies because of their travel activities;
- those who would have limited access to post-exposure medical care.
This advice should be specifically brought to the attention of those
planning to do voluntary work with animals in rabies-endemic areas.
Further information on rabies prevention for the traveller is
available from the National Travel Health Network and Centre at:
<http://www.nathnac.org/pro/factsheets/rabies.htm>. Detailed
information on rabies is available in chapter 27 of the Green Book [1].
Reference:
----------
(1) DH. Immunisation against infectious disease ("the Green Book").
Available at:
<http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/He ... DH_4097254>.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The delay in diagnosis of the patient's illness until the appearance
of symptoms suggests that the patient will not recover. Northern
Ireland and the city of Belfast can be located on the
HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of the United Kingdom at:
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=2641364&v=54.5,-6.5,5>. - Mod.CP]
***********************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
Date: Fri 19 De 2008
Source: Health Protection Agency Report, Vol. 2, No. 51 [edited]
<http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/archives/2008 ... htm#rabies>
Case of imported rabies in the UK
---------------------------------
A case of imported human rabies has been identified in Northern
Ireland. The diagnosis was confirmed by tests on samples sent to the
United Kingdom National Reference Laboratory for Rabies at the
Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Weybridge, Surrey. The patient had
worked as a volunteer with animals in South Africa for short periods
during the past 2 years, and had close contact with various animals
including dogs. Rabies is endemic in South Africa where bites from
infected dogs are the main source of rabies in humans.
In the last 10 years there have been 3 previous cases of imported
human rabies in the UK. Although an estimated 55 000 cases of
classical rabies occur worldwide each year, there has never been a
virologically confirmed case of natural human to human transmission
of rabies. Despite the lack of evidence for human to human
transmission, some people who have been exposed to the secretions of
a patient with rabies may be offered post-exposure immunisation,
purely as a precautionary measure.
If bitten, scratched, or licked by a warm blooded animal in a
rabies-endemic country, people should wash the wound or site of
exposure (e.g., mucous membrane) with plenty of soap and water and
seek medical advice without delay, even if previously vaccinated. If
they do not seek medical treatment while abroad, they should still
seek it when they come home, even if some time after the event.
Following exposure an individual risk assessment should be undertaken
to determine the need for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with rabies
vaccine and/or immunoglobulin. PEP is highly effective in preventing
rabies if given promptly and there have been no cases of rabies in
the UK in people who have received rabies post exposure prophylaxis.
Travellers should always be advised to seek travel health advice well
in advance of their visit overseas to ensure that the risks of all
travel associated illness, not just rabies, have been explained.
Although rabies vaccine is not routinely advised for all travellers,
pre-exposure immunisation is recommended for those:
- working abroad (e.g., veterinary staff or zoologists) who by the
nature of their work are at risk of contact with rabid animals;
- living in or travelling for more than one month to rabies-enzootic
areas unless there is reliable access to prompt, safe medical care;
- travelling for less than one month to enzootic areas but who may
be exposed to rabies because of their travel activities;
- those who would have limited access to post-exposure medical care.
This advice should be specifically brought to the attention of those
planning to do voluntary work with animals in rabies-endemic areas.
Further information on rabies prevention for the traveller is
available from the National Travel Health Network and Centre at:
<http://www.nathnac.org/pro/factsheets/rabies.htm>. Detailed
information on rabies is available in chapter 27 of the Green Book [1].
Reference:
----------
(1) DH. Immunisation against infectious disease ("the Green Book").
Available at:
<http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/He ... DH_4097254>.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The delay in diagnosis of the patient's illness until the appearance
of symptoms suggests that the patient will not recover. Northern
Ireland and the city of Belfast can be located on the
HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of the United Kingdom at:
<http://healthmap.org/promed/en?g=2641364&v=54.5,-6.5,5>. - Mod.CP]
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35366
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Re: Aktuelle Epidemien in Afrika
UNDIAGNOSED ILLNESS - DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: (KASAI),
REQUEST FOR INFORMATION
****************************************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
Date: 20 Dec 2008
Source: Independent online, SAPA-AP report [edited]
<http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?
set_id=1&click_id=136&art_id=nw20081220081743104C680784>
Haemorrhagic fever hits the Democratic Republic of the Congo
------------------------------------------------------------
Medical authorities in Congo [Democratic Republic of the Congo] say 9
people are dead from what could be haemorrhagic fever. District
Medical Inspector Edmond Mulamba says it is too early to label the
illness. It is also too early to say if the deaths are due to Ebola,
a type of haemorrhagic fever. He says tests were being run to
determine the cause of the deaths in remote Kasai Province.
At least 14 other people are suffering from symptoms of haemorrhagic
fever, including high temperature and violent vomiting. Mulamba says
a team of doctors from the World Health Organisation are travelling
to the province.
In 2007, at least 167 people died of Ebola [haemorrhagic fever] in
the same district where the current illness is being reported, around
700 kilometres [435 miles] south-east of Congo's capital, Kinshasa.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[It is not clear whether this outbreak is an extension of the
outbreak of undiagnosed illness reported in ProMED-mail which
occurred in the same in the same area in early October (see:
Undiagnosed illness - Congo DR: Kasai Occ, Ebola susp, RFI
20081009.3200), and which presumably has not since been confirmed as
an outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever. The description of the
illness and the cause of death in the current outbreak are not
described in detail and haemorrhage is not mentioned. The location of
the outbreak, however, is in that part of the Kasai province of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo where a large outbreak of Ebola
haemorrhagic fever occurred in 2007, and on that basis a diagnosis of
Ebola haemorrhagic fever must be given serious consideration. Further
information from the region is requested.
A map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo can be accessed at:
<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/c ... _pol98.jpg>. The
precise location of the current outbreak of undiagnosed illness is
not stated, other than it is occurring in the same district of Kasai
province where the 2007 outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever
occurred. A map of the province of Kasai Occidental can be viewed at:
<http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af ... penElement>,
which identifies the site of the 2007 outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic
fever. - Mod.CP]
REQUEST FOR INFORMATION
****************************************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
Date: 20 Dec 2008
Source: Independent online, SAPA-AP report [edited]
<http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?
set_id=1&click_id=136&art_id=nw20081220081743104C680784>
Haemorrhagic fever hits the Democratic Republic of the Congo
------------------------------------------------------------
Medical authorities in Congo [Democratic Republic of the Congo] say 9
people are dead from what could be haemorrhagic fever. District
Medical Inspector Edmond Mulamba says it is too early to label the
illness. It is also too early to say if the deaths are due to Ebola,
a type of haemorrhagic fever. He says tests were being run to
determine the cause of the deaths in remote Kasai Province.
At least 14 other people are suffering from symptoms of haemorrhagic
fever, including high temperature and violent vomiting. Mulamba says
a team of doctors from the World Health Organisation are travelling
to the province.
In 2007, at least 167 people died of Ebola [haemorrhagic fever] in
the same district where the current illness is being reported, around
700 kilometres [435 miles] south-east of Congo's capital, Kinshasa.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[It is not clear whether this outbreak is an extension of the
outbreak of undiagnosed illness reported in ProMED-mail which
occurred in the same in the same area in early October (see:
Undiagnosed illness - Congo DR: Kasai Occ, Ebola susp, RFI
20081009.3200), and which presumably has not since been confirmed as
an outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever. The description of the
illness and the cause of death in the current outbreak are not
described in detail and haemorrhage is not mentioned. The location of
the outbreak, however, is in that part of the Kasai province of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo where a large outbreak of Ebola
haemorrhagic fever occurred in 2007, and on that basis a diagnosis of
Ebola haemorrhagic fever must be given serious consideration. Further
information from the region is requested.
A map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo can be accessed at:
<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/c ... _pol98.jpg>. The
precise location of the current outbreak of undiagnosed illness is
not stated, other than it is occurring in the same district of Kasai
province where the 2007 outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever
occurred. A map of the province of Kasai Occidental can be viewed at:
<http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af ... penElement>,
which identifies the site of the 2007 outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic
fever. - Mod.CP]
