DENGUE/DHF UPDATE (70): ASIA
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Pakistan
- Punjab province. 25 Aug 2013. Dengue (conf.) 51 cases. Municipality most affected: Lahore 18 cases.
http://www.brecorder.com/general-news/172/1224652/
[Maps of Pakistan can be accessed at http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/asia/ ... kistan.gif and http://healthmap.org/r/1iGJ. - Mod.TY]
- Sindh province. 25 Aug 2013. Dengue 794. Municipality most affected: Karachi 768 cases.
http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4 ... s-reported
- Swat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 25 Aug 2013. Dengue 250 cases.
http://tribune.com.pk/story/594789/ill- ... n-victims/
India
- National. 25 Aug 2013. Dengue, national as of 31 Jul 2013, 15 983 cases; Punjab state 11 cases, Haryana state (conf.) 60 cases, municipality most affected: Gurgaon 55 cases.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/indi ... 043418.cms
[Maps of India can be accessed at http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/asia/ ... -India.gif and http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH. - Mod.TY]
- Rajkot, Gujarat state. 23 Aug 2013. Dengue 100 cases.
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes ... ration-rmc
- Kerala state. 21 Aug 2013. Dengue 5801 cases; deaths 19. Municipality most affected: Thiruvananthapuram 3000 cases.
http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/with- ... gle-408673
Aktuelle Epidemien in Asien/Seidenstraße
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Japanische Enzephalitis in Indien
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS & OTHER- INDIA (15): (KERALA)
***************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
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Date: Mon 26 Aug 2013
Source: The Hindu [edited]
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp ... 060340.ece
A serious threat of Japanese encephalitis (JE) or West Nile (WN) virus outbreak looms large over Alappuzha district [Kerala state], which is prone to water stagnation and consequent mosquito menace post-monsoon.
The National Institute of Virology (NIV) Alappuzha unit reported to the district health administration in the beginning of July [2013] that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 28 patients with acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) -- all dead -- had tested positive for the JE-WN complex. But the State Health authorities had been unaware of this till the end of July 2013, when a Central team of public health officials, led by Kalpana Barua, visited the State. Public experts have sounded the alert already, as a significant number of AES cases reported in the district in May-July [2013] have tested positive for the JE-WN complex.
Strange enough, the district health administration had maintained that these 28 deaths could not be considered "cases" of JE-WN complex because the clinical symptoms of the patients did not meet the classic definition of AES.
According to them, the district had only about 30-plus cases of AES since May [2013], leading to 4 deaths, which had been reported to the State health administration.
Senior health officials have pointed out that regardless of whether the 28 persons died from JE-WN or not, the laboratory findings about the presence of the twin infections in so many persons have huge public health significance, which cannot be ignored.
"Alappuzha district has been endemic to JE, WN, dengue, and other mosquito-borne diseases for long. In the past 2-3 years, we have had many cases of encephalitis, most of which could be either JE or WN because it is difficult to distinguish using clinical symptoms or lab diagnosis. Both cause serious neurological diseases and leave the patients with severe 'sequelae,' including cognitive dysfunction, memory loss, or epileptic episodes. The seriousness of the situation cannot be diluted," B Padmakumar, Additional Professor of Medicine, Government Medical College, Alappuzha, says.
The JE and WN viruses belong to the same family of flaviviruses and are zoonotic infections maintained in a cycle involving migratory birds, mammals such as pigs and horses, and the _Culex_ species of mosquitoes, which breed in stagnant water. JE was first reported in Alappuzha in 1996, and till 1999, there have been major outbreaks.
Between 2005 and 2009, very few confirmed cases of JE were reported from Alappuzha, which the Health Department admits was probably because of the problems in properly diagnosing and confirming the disease. All cases involving high fever, convulsions, and altered sensorium were reported by the health system as AES.
"Both JE and WN are antigenically similar (viral antigen properties are similar) and complex genotyping is required to distinguish either. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing of CSF samples of an encephalitis patient gives only the confirmation as JE-WN or any other flavivirus. Virus neutralisation assay is required to differentiate between JE or WN, which could be time-consuming," says B Anukumar, scientist in-charge of the NIV wing at Alappuzha.
From the public health point of view, it is important that JE and WN surveillance is started in all districts and steps to contain it are intensified, Dr Anukumar says. JE mostly affects children less than 15 years, while WN usually affects older adults. In 2006, during the major chikungunya [virus] epidemic in Alappuzha, some scientists had raised the possibility of the co-circulation of WN virus because of the high rate of mortality during the epidemic.
However, NIV gave conclusive evidence about the major presence of WN virus in the region in 2011 during an AES outbreak when 208 cases were reported.
The district health administration has pointed out that the 28 patients who died from JE-WN, as reported by the NIV, were all elderly persons with various co-morbidities and that they did not have any AES symptoms. "Lab findings should have clinical correlation also. These persons are living in an endemic area where various flaviviruses are in circulation. It is possible that they were infected by JE-WN viruses, which came up in the lab diagnosis. It does not mean that those persons died of JE or WN," a senior official in Alappuzha says.
The NIV has clarified that all samples of the CSF that they had tested were of patients who had encephalitis meningitis symptoms. The samples were sent from the Alappuzha Medical College hospital.
"We just tested the CSF samples we received and reported our findings. It is possible that the patients presented a different spectrum of clinical symptoms, which did not fit into the classical definition of AES. The mean age of the patients was 60 years. We have not reported that the 28 deaths were due to JE/WN, but that these persons were exposed to the JE/WN viruses and that IgM positivity of the CSF indicates acute exposure. It is for the Health department to take suitable follow-up action," says Dr Anukumar.
[Byline: C Maya]
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Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Both West Nile virus (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) occur in southern India, and it is possible that these patients could have been infected with either one, although that diagnosis is disputed by the district public health administration. The diagnoses were made on the basis of serology, the interpretation of which is confounded by flavivirus cross reactivity, as mentioned in the report above.
No mention was made about attempts to detect virus sequences by PCR. Although virus neutralization tests may be too slow to provide a diagnosis for patients while they are hospitalized, it is critical to know which viruses are circulating in the area, and that requires neutralization testing.
There is a vaccine available for JEV but not for WNV. The report above makes no mention of the vaccination history of the patients, or of plans to vaccinate others in the areas where the patients acquired their infection should further testing indicate that JEV is circulating there.
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map showing the location of Kerala state can be accessed at http://healthmap.org/r/879w. - Mod.TY]
***************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Mon 26 Aug 2013
Source: The Hindu [edited]
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp ... 060340.ece
A serious threat of Japanese encephalitis (JE) or West Nile (WN) virus outbreak looms large over Alappuzha district [Kerala state], which is prone to water stagnation and consequent mosquito menace post-monsoon.
The National Institute of Virology (NIV) Alappuzha unit reported to the district health administration in the beginning of July [2013] that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 28 patients with acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) -- all dead -- had tested positive for the JE-WN complex. But the State Health authorities had been unaware of this till the end of July 2013, when a Central team of public health officials, led by Kalpana Barua, visited the State. Public experts have sounded the alert already, as a significant number of AES cases reported in the district in May-July [2013] have tested positive for the JE-WN complex.
Strange enough, the district health administration had maintained that these 28 deaths could not be considered "cases" of JE-WN complex because the clinical symptoms of the patients did not meet the classic definition of AES.
According to them, the district had only about 30-plus cases of AES since May [2013], leading to 4 deaths, which had been reported to the State health administration.
Senior health officials have pointed out that regardless of whether the 28 persons died from JE-WN or not, the laboratory findings about the presence of the twin infections in so many persons have huge public health significance, which cannot be ignored.
"Alappuzha district has been endemic to JE, WN, dengue, and other mosquito-borne diseases for long. In the past 2-3 years, we have had many cases of encephalitis, most of which could be either JE or WN because it is difficult to distinguish using clinical symptoms or lab diagnosis. Both cause serious neurological diseases and leave the patients with severe 'sequelae,' including cognitive dysfunction, memory loss, or epileptic episodes. The seriousness of the situation cannot be diluted," B Padmakumar, Additional Professor of Medicine, Government Medical College, Alappuzha, says.
The JE and WN viruses belong to the same family of flaviviruses and are zoonotic infections maintained in a cycle involving migratory birds, mammals such as pigs and horses, and the _Culex_ species of mosquitoes, which breed in stagnant water. JE was first reported in Alappuzha in 1996, and till 1999, there have been major outbreaks.
Between 2005 and 2009, very few confirmed cases of JE were reported from Alappuzha, which the Health Department admits was probably because of the problems in properly diagnosing and confirming the disease. All cases involving high fever, convulsions, and altered sensorium were reported by the health system as AES.
"Both JE and WN are antigenically similar (viral antigen properties are similar) and complex genotyping is required to distinguish either. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing of CSF samples of an encephalitis patient gives only the confirmation as JE-WN or any other flavivirus. Virus neutralisation assay is required to differentiate between JE or WN, which could be time-consuming," says B Anukumar, scientist in-charge of the NIV wing at Alappuzha.
From the public health point of view, it is important that JE and WN surveillance is started in all districts and steps to contain it are intensified, Dr Anukumar says. JE mostly affects children less than 15 years, while WN usually affects older adults. In 2006, during the major chikungunya [virus] epidemic in Alappuzha, some scientists had raised the possibility of the co-circulation of WN virus because of the high rate of mortality during the epidemic.
However, NIV gave conclusive evidence about the major presence of WN virus in the region in 2011 during an AES outbreak when 208 cases were reported.
The district health administration has pointed out that the 28 patients who died from JE-WN, as reported by the NIV, were all elderly persons with various co-morbidities and that they did not have any AES symptoms. "Lab findings should have clinical correlation also. These persons are living in an endemic area where various flaviviruses are in circulation. It is possible that they were infected by JE-WN viruses, which came up in the lab diagnosis. It does not mean that those persons died of JE or WN," a senior official in Alappuzha says.
The NIV has clarified that all samples of the CSF that they had tested were of patients who had encephalitis meningitis symptoms. The samples were sent from the Alappuzha Medical College hospital.
"We just tested the CSF samples we received and reported our findings. It is possible that the patients presented a different spectrum of clinical symptoms, which did not fit into the classical definition of AES. The mean age of the patients was 60 years. We have not reported that the 28 deaths were due to JE/WN, but that these persons were exposed to the JE/WN viruses and that IgM positivity of the CSF indicates acute exposure. It is for the Health department to take suitable follow-up action," says Dr Anukumar.
[Byline: C Maya]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Both West Nile virus (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) occur in southern India, and it is possible that these patients could have been infected with either one, although that diagnosis is disputed by the district public health administration. The diagnoses were made on the basis of serology, the interpretation of which is confounded by flavivirus cross reactivity, as mentioned in the report above.
No mention was made about attempts to detect virus sequences by PCR. Although virus neutralization tests may be too slow to provide a diagnosis for patients while they are hospitalized, it is critical to know which viruses are circulating in the area, and that requires neutralization testing.
There is a vaccine available for JEV but not for WNV. The report above makes no mention of the vaccination history of the patients, or of plans to vaccinate others in the areas where the patients acquired their infection should further testing indicate that JEV is circulating there.
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map showing the location of Kerala state can be accessed at http://healthmap.org/r/879w. - Mod.TY]
Beulenpest in Kirgisistan
Beulenpest in Kirgistan:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23843656
Inzwischen hat es offenbar noch etliche andere Fälle gegeben:
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/a ... ntral-asia
http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/-/worl ... ic-plague/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23843656
Inzwischen hat es offenbar noch etliche andere Fälle gegeben:
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/a ... ntral-asia
http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/-/worl ... ic-plague/
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Beulenpest in Kirgisistan
PLAGUE - KYRGYZSTAN: (ISSYK KUL) FATAL
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A ProMED-mail post
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International Society for Infectious Diseases
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Date: Tue 27 Aug 2013
Source: Agence France-Presse (AFP) [edited]
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/ar ... 6d599a.4a1
Kyrgyzstan officials on Tuesday, 27 Aug 2013, scrambled to control the spread of bubonic plague that killed a rural boy last week as 3 more people showed possible symptoms of the disease. The easternmost district of Ak-Suu [Issyk Kul province] in the Central Asian country was on lockdown while police guarded the hospitals where 15-year-old was treated and died last Thursday, 22 Aug 2013. The emergency ministry said that 3 more people from the same village as the victim were hospitalized Tuesday, 27 Aug 2013, suspicion of being infected with the deadly disease.
"Residents of Sary-Kamysh [Ak-Suu]... came to the hospital at 12:30 am," the ministry said in a statement. "They are now under medical care."
The 3 new patients, a woman with a toddler, and a teenager, exhibited symptoms of bubonic plague, namely a fever and swollen lymph nodes in their armpit and neck areas, an informed Kyrgyzstan government source told AFP on condition of anonymity. "They had contact with the deceased 15-year-old," the source said. The health ministry however denied that any new patients have been infected.
A herdboy from the village of Ichke-Zhergez [Ak-Suu], is thought to have become infected after being bitten by a flea carried by a marmot that he reportedly prepared for food. Officials had isolated 131 people as of Tuesday, 27 Aug 2013, to prevent the possible spread of the disease, said Asylbek Sydykanov, the ministry's public health official.
Emergency officials have also gone door to door in the boy's village to look for possible victims of the infection, but did not find signs of the disease, the emergency ministry said.
The Ak-Suu district, which borders Kazakhstan and China, lies close to the Issyk-Kul Lake and is a popular tourist destination.
Kazakhstan said that it is stepping up preventive measures to stop any possible outbreak on its territory, introducing "special monitoring" of people crossing the border from Kyrgyzstan. Kazakhstan's health ministry also warned its citizens against travelling to Kyrgyzstan "until the epidemiological situation regarding the plague is stabilized".
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The description of the patients thought to have been infected by exposure to the initial, fatal case is that of classical bubonic plague spread by bites of infected fleas, not pneumonic plague which can be transmitted directly from person-to-person. It is therefore likely to be the case that the other cases were also acquired from flea bites and not from exposure to the teenager who died. The death is likely to have been caused by septicemia from the infection or pneumonia.
Death from bubonic plague occurs after the bacterium _Yersinia pestis_ escapes from the infected bubo into the bloodstream (septicemic plague) causing the manifestations of the sepsis syndrome. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with subsequent cutaneous hemorrhage may well have been what was called the 'Black Death' in the Middle Ages. The bacterium can spread to the lungs, causing a secondary plague pneumonia (secondary to the bacteremia), or to the meninges, causing a plague meningitis. Both of these events have a high case fatality rate and the secondary plague pneumonia is the way the infection spreads (by aerosol) from person to person.
The typical sign of the most common form of human plague is a swollen and very tender lymph gland, accompanied by pain. The swollen gland is called a "bubo." Bubonic plague should be suspected when a person develops a swollen gland, fever, chills, headache, and extreme exhaustion, and has a history of possible exposure to infected rodents, rabbits, or fleas. A person usually becomes ill with bubonic plague 2 to 6 days after being infected.
When bubonic plague is left untreated, plague bacteria invade the bloodstream. As the plague bacteria multiply in the bloodstream, they spread rapidly throughout the body and cause a severe and often fatal condition. Infection of the lungs with the plague bacterium causes the pneumonic form of plague, a severe respiratory illness. The infected person may experience high fever, chills, cough, and breathing difficulty and may expel bloody sputum. If plague patients are not given specific antibiotic therapy, the disease can progress rapidly to death. About 14 per cent (1 in 7) of all plague cases in the United States are fatal.
Portions of this comment have been extracted from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/plague/ ... tSheet.pdf.
The marmot is the most common reservoir for _Yersinia pestis_ in eastern Asia. The etymology of the term "marmot" is uncertain (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmot). It may have arisen from the Gallo-Romance prefix marm-, meaning to mumble or murmur (an example of onomatopoeia). Another possible origin is post-classical Latin, mus montanus, meaning "mountain mouse". Marmots are hunted for their food and fur, and hunters get bitten by their infected fleas, or infected from their blood when skinning them. For a photo, see http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/j/streams%5C2 ... _large.jpg.
Maps of Kyrgyzstan can be seen at http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/commonwe ... pol_05.jpg and http://healthmap.org/r/8azt. - Mod.LL]
**************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Tue 27 Aug 2013
Source: Agence France-Presse (AFP) [edited]
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/ar ... 6d599a.4a1
Kyrgyzstan officials on Tuesday, 27 Aug 2013, scrambled to control the spread of bubonic plague that killed a rural boy last week as 3 more people showed possible symptoms of the disease. The easternmost district of Ak-Suu [Issyk Kul province] in the Central Asian country was on lockdown while police guarded the hospitals where 15-year-old was treated and died last Thursday, 22 Aug 2013. The emergency ministry said that 3 more people from the same village as the victim were hospitalized Tuesday, 27 Aug 2013, suspicion of being infected with the deadly disease.
"Residents of Sary-Kamysh [Ak-Suu]... came to the hospital at 12:30 am," the ministry said in a statement. "They are now under medical care."
The 3 new patients, a woman with a toddler, and a teenager, exhibited symptoms of bubonic plague, namely a fever and swollen lymph nodes in their armpit and neck areas, an informed Kyrgyzstan government source told AFP on condition of anonymity. "They had contact with the deceased 15-year-old," the source said. The health ministry however denied that any new patients have been infected.
A herdboy from the village of Ichke-Zhergez [Ak-Suu], is thought to have become infected after being bitten by a flea carried by a marmot that he reportedly prepared for food. Officials had isolated 131 people as of Tuesday, 27 Aug 2013, to prevent the possible spread of the disease, said Asylbek Sydykanov, the ministry's public health official.
Emergency officials have also gone door to door in the boy's village to look for possible victims of the infection, but did not find signs of the disease, the emergency ministry said.
The Ak-Suu district, which borders Kazakhstan and China, lies close to the Issyk-Kul Lake and is a popular tourist destination.
Kazakhstan said that it is stepping up preventive measures to stop any possible outbreak on its territory, introducing "special monitoring" of people crossing the border from Kyrgyzstan. Kazakhstan's health ministry also warned its citizens against travelling to Kyrgyzstan "until the epidemiological situation regarding the plague is stabilized".
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The description of the patients thought to have been infected by exposure to the initial, fatal case is that of classical bubonic plague spread by bites of infected fleas, not pneumonic plague which can be transmitted directly from person-to-person. It is therefore likely to be the case that the other cases were also acquired from flea bites and not from exposure to the teenager who died. The death is likely to have been caused by septicemia from the infection or pneumonia.
Death from bubonic plague occurs after the bacterium _Yersinia pestis_ escapes from the infected bubo into the bloodstream (septicemic plague) causing the manifestations of the sepsis syndrome. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with subsequent cutaneous hemorrhage may well have been what was called the 'Black Death' in the Middle Ages. The bacterium can spread to the lungs, causing a secondary plague pneumonia (secondary to the bacteremia), or to the meninges, causing a plague meningitis. Both of these events have a high case fatality rate and the secondary plague pneumonia is the way the infection spreads (by aerosol) from person to person.
The typical sign of the most common form of human plague is a swollen and very tender lymph gland, accompanied by pain. The swollen gland is called a "bubo." Bubonic plague should be suspected when a person develops a swollen gland, fever, chills, headache, and extreme exhaustion, and has a history of possible exposure to infected rodents, rabbits, or fleas. A person usually becomes ill with bubonic plague 2 to 6 days after being infected.
When bubonic plague is left untreated, plague bacteria invade the bloodstream. As the plague bacteria multiply in the bloodstream, they spread rapidly throughout the body and cause a severe and often fatal condition. Infection of the lungs with the plague bacterium causes the pneumonic form of plague, a severe respiratory illness. The infected person may experience high fever, chills, cough, and breathing difficulty and may expel bloody sputum. If plague patients are not given specific antibiotic therapy, the disease can progress rapidly to death. About 14 per cent (1 in 7) of all plague cases in the United States are fatal.
Portions of this comment have been extracted from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/plague/ ... tSheet.pdf.
The marmot is the most common reservoir for _Yersinia pestis_ in eastern Asia. The etymology of the term "marmot" is uncertain (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmot). It may have arisen from the Gallo-Romance prefix marm-, meaning to mumble or murmur (an example of onomatopoeia). Another possible origin is post-classical Latin, mus montanus, meaning "mountain mouse". Marmots are hunted for their food and fur, and hunters get bitten by their infected fleas, or infected from their blood when skinning them. For a photo, see http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/j/streams%5C2 ... _large.jpg.
Maps of Kyrgyzstan can be seen at http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/commonwe ... pol_05.jpg and http://healthmap.org/r/8azt. - Mod.LL]
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Birgitt
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Denguefieber in Indien und Pakistan
DENGUE/DHF UPDATE (72): ASIA
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A ProMED-mail post
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*****
- Pakistan:
- Swat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 27 Aug 2013. Dengue 950 cases.
http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news- ... eaches-950
[Maps of Pakistan can be accessed at http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/asia/ ... kistan.gif and http://healthmap.org/r/1kc-. - Mod.TY]
- North Waziristan province. 28 Aug 2013. Dengue 40 cases.
http://www.thefrontierpost.com/article/36848/
- Punjab province. 31 Aug 2013. Dengue 58 cases: Municipality most affected: Lahore; Increasing.
http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/gener ... 33712.html
[It is not clear in this report whether the cumulative total for 2013 is 58 cases or whether that is the number of patients at the time the report was issued. - Mod.TY]
- Sindh province. 29 Aug 2013. Dengue 861 cases; Municipality most affected: Karachi 825 cases with 10 deaths; Increasing.
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.as ... 013_pg12_4
- India:
- Metro Kamrup, Assam state. 29 Aug 2013. Dengue 18 current cases; Deaths 3.
http://www.business-standard.com/articl ... 777_1.html
[Maps of India can be seen at
http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm and
http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH. - Mod.TY]
- Delhi. 28 Aug 2013. Dengue as of 24 Aug 2013, 96 cases; Dengue virus circulating type 2.
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes ... al-disease
- Bophal, Madhya Pradesh state. 26 Aug 2013. Dengue 17 cases; Deaths 2.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 062626.cms
[Two deaths among 17 cases is a very high number and leads one to wonder whether the total number of cases is underreported and much higher.
- Mumbai, Maharashtra state. 28 Aug 2013. Dengue (conf.) 381 cases; Deaths 2.
http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/othe ... 108271.cms
- Odisha state. 29 Aug 2013. Dengue since 1 Jun 2013, (conf.) 2087 cases; Municipalities most affected: Cuttack 885 cases, Khordha 364 cases, Angul 265 cases.
http://health.india.com/news/odisha-den ... -reported/
- Angul district, Odishia state. 26 Aug 2013. Dengue 190 cases; Increasing.
http://newindianexpress.com/states/odis ... 752539.ece
****************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
*****
- Pakistan:
- Swat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 27 Aug 2013. Dengue 950 cases.
http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news- ... eaches-950
[Maps of Pakistan can be accessed at http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/asia/ ... kistan.gif and http://healthmap.org/r/1kc-. - Mod.TY]
- North Waziristan province. 28 Aug 2013. Dengue 40 cases.
http://www.thefrontierpost.com/article/36848/
- Punjab province. 31 Aug 2013. Dengue 58 cases: Municipality most affected: Lahore; Increasing.
http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/gener ... 33712.html
[It is not clear in this report whether the cumulative total for 2013 is 58 cases or whether that is the number of patients at the time the report was issued. - Mod.TY]
- Sindh province. 29 Aug 2013. Dengue 861 cases; Municipality most affected: Karachi 825 cases with 10 deaths; Increasing.
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.as ... 013_pg12_4
- India:
- Metro Kamrup, Assam state. 29 Aug 2013. Dengue 18 current cases; Deaths 3.
http://www.business-standard.com/articl ... 777_1.html
[Maps of India can be seen at
http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm and
http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH. - Mod.TY]
- Delhi. 28 Aug 2013. Dengue as of 24 Aug 2013, 96 cases; Dengue virus circulating type 2.
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes ... al-disease
- Bophal, Madhya Pradesh state. 26 Aug 2013. Dengue 17 cases; Deaths 2.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 062626.cms
[Two deaths among 17 cases is a very high number and leads one to wonder whether the total number of cases is underreported and much higher.
- Mumbai, Maharashtra state. 28 Aug 2013. Dengue (conf.) 381 cases; Deaths 2.
http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/othe ... 108271.cms
- Odisha state. 29 Aug 2013. Dengue since 1 Jun 2013, (conf.) 2087 cases; Municipalities most affected: Cuttack 885 cases, Khordha 364 cases, Angul 265 cases.
http://health.india.com/news/odisha-den ... -reported/
- Angul district, Odishia state. 26 Aug 2013. Dengue 190 cases; Increasing.
http://newindianexpress.com/states/odis ... 752539.ece
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Birgitt
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Cholera in Pakistan
CHOLERA, DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY UPDATE (41): ASIA
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Pakistan (Federally Administered Tribal Areas)
Date: Fri 16 Aug 2013
Source: Express Tribune [edited]
http://tribune.com.pk/story/590683/dead ... -outbreak/
Two people have died, while 320 others have fallen ill since Mon 12 Aug 2013, following a cholera outbreak in Kurram Agency.
Assistant Political Agent Fazal Naeem told The Express Tribune central parts of the agency were the most affected. He added that 250 tribesmen have been shifted to Sadda Headquarters of Lower Kurram in addition to Hangu.
Naeem said Dhand and Kudiad Khel were the worst-hit areas and that vaccinations began amid tight security. He claimed nearly all the locals have been vaccinated, adding tribesmen were instructed not to drink water directly from the well and boil it first instead.
Meanwhile, political administration official from Parachinar Naseem Khan said around 100 people have been shifted to Parachinar Headquarters Hospital, adding that critical patients were admitted, while the others were discharged after medical aid.
[Byline: Mehdi Hussain]
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Pakistan (Federally Administered Tribal Areas)
Date: Fri 16 Aug 2013
Source: Express Tribune [edited]
http://tribune.com.pk/story/590683/dead ... -outbreak/
Two people have died, while 320 others have fallen ill since Mon 12 Aug 2013, following a cholera outbreak in Kurram Agency.
Assistant Political Agent Fazal Naeem told The Express Tribune central parts of the agency were the most affected. He added that 250 tribesmen have been shifted to Sadda Headquarters of Lower Kurram in addition to Hangu.
Naeem said Dhand and Kudiad Khel were the worst-hit areas and that vaccinations began amid tight security. He claimed nearly all the locals have been vaccinated, adding tribesmen were instructed not to drink water directly from the well and boil it first instead.
Meanwhile, political administration official from Parachinar Naseem Khan said around 100 people have been shifted to Parachinar Headquarters Hospital, adding that critical patients were admitted, while the others were discharged after medical aid.
[Byline: Mehdi Hussain]
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Cholera im Iran
CHOLERA, DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY UPDATE (42): IRAN
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Date: Wed 4 Sep 2013
Source: Trend (Azerbaijan) [edited]
http://en.trend.az/news/society/2186055.html
Some 64 people were infected with cholera in Iran, and corresponding measures have been taken. The condition of the infected is satisfactory, the head of the Center for Disease Management of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education Mohammad Mehdi Gouya said, Fars News Agency reported on Wednesday, 4 Sep 2013. He noted that the infected persons are illegal migrants from bordering countries to the east. Yesterday, 3 Sep 2013, the condition of one had worsened, and he died.
Gouya added that cases of infection with cholera were registered in Sistan and Baluchestan Province and in Kerman Province, and those under the threat of getting infected were put under supervision.
According to information from Iranian media outlets, cholera infection cases in Iran have been being registered for nearly 45 years; in 2012, some 15 such cases were registered.
According to the center, cholera is not included on the list of widespread diseases in the country.
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[Sistan and Baluchestan Province is in southeastern Iran with borders to both Afghanistan and Pakistan, which have had active outbreaks of the disease. Kerman Province is just west of Sistan and Baluchestan Province. ProMED awaits more information regarding the scope of the outbreak. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1Cfu.]
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Date: Wed 4 Sep 2013
Source: Trend (Azerbaijan) [edited]
http://en.trend.az/news/society/2186055.html
Some 64 people were infected with cholera in Iran, and corresponding measures have been taken. The condition of the infected is satisfactory, the head of the Center for Disease Management of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education Mohammad Mehdi Gouya said, Fars News Agency reported on Wednesday, 4 Sep 2013. He noted that the infected persons are illegal migrants from bordering countries to the east. Yesterday, 3 Sep 2013, the condition of one had worsened, and he died.
Gouya added that cases of infection with cholera were registered in Sistan and Baluchestan Province and in Kerman Province, and those under the threat of getting infected were put under supervision.
According to information from Iranian media outlets, cholera infection cases in Iran have been being registered for nearly 45 years; in 2012, some 15 such cases were registered.
According to the center, cholera is not included on the list of widespread diseases in the country.
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[Sistan and Baluchestan Province is in southeastern Iran with borders to both Afghanistan and Pakistan, which have had active outbreaks of the disease. Kerman Province is just west of Sistan and Baluchestan Province. ProMED awaits more information regarding the scope of the outbreak. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1Cfu.]
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Chikungunya in Indien
CHIKUNGUNYA (33): INDIA (KERALA)
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Date: Wed 4 Sep 2013
Source: Times of India [summ., edited]
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 271471.cms
The health department has charted out an action plan to combat chikungunya cases. The move follows the reporting of more cases of these diseases in the [Thiruvananthapuram] district during the past few days.
Health minister V S Sivakumar said a special drive against this disease in 25 hot spots, where more cases have been reported, will be launched in the next 2 weeks. "Necessary instructions have been given to strengthen fogging and source reduction activities in public places and households," he said.
Primary health centres in corporation wards will coordinate the fever prevention activities. Unlike dengue, the increase in chikungunya cases in city areas has created a concern. As many as 53 chikungunya cases were reported in the state capital in August [2013], [compared to] around 25 [up to June 2013].
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[Chikungunya virus outbreaks have been occurring this year (2013) in several localities in India. The virus is endemic in India, so additional cases can be expected.
A map showing the location of Thiruvananthapuram district in Kerala state can be accessed at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram. - Mod.TY
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/28JB.]
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Date: Wed 4 Sep 2013
Source: Times of India [summ., edited]
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 271471.cms
The health department has charted out an action plan to combat chikungunya cases. The move follows the reporting of more cases of these diseases in the [Thiruvananthapuram] district during the past few days.
Health minister V S Sivakumar said a special drive against this disease in 25 hot spots, where more cases have been reported, will be launched in the next 2 weeks. "Necessary instructions have been given to strengthen fogging and source reduction activities in public places and households," he said.
Primary health centres in corporation wards will coordinate the fever prevention activities. Unlike dengue, the increase in chikungunya cases in city areas has created a concern. As many as 53 chikungunya cases were reported in the state capital in August [2013], [compared to] around 25 [up to June 2013].
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[Chikungunya virus outbreaks have been occurring this year (2013) in several localities in India. The virus is endemic in India, so additional cases can be expected.
A map showing the location of Thiruvananthapuram district in Kerala state can be accessed at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram. - Mod.TY
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/28JB.]
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Denguefieber in Indien und Pakistan
DENGUE/DHF UPDATE (74): ASIA
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- India:
- Guwahati, Assam state. 6 Sep 2013. Dengue (conf.) 350 cases; Increasing.
http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/det ... 713/city05
[Maps of India can be seen at
http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm and
http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH. - Mod.TY]
- Delhi. 7 Sep 2013. Dengue 226 cases; Increasing.
http://health.india.com/news/226-dengue ... 3-in-2012/
- Maharashtra state. 3 Sep 2013. Dengue nearly 1500 cases; Deaths 23. Municipality most affected: Mumbai nearly 400 cases.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 241955.cms
[23 deaths of some 1500 cases is a high mortality rate, and makes one wonder whether there is significant underreporting of non-fatal cases. - Mod.TY]
- Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala state. 4 Sep 2013. Dengue 3657 cases; 25 geographic hot spots identified.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 271471.cms
- Odisha state. 7 Sep 2013. Dengue 2867 cases; Deaths (conf.) 5; Increasing.
http://newindianexpress.com/states/odis ... 772538.ece
- Pakistan:
- Swat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 3 Sep 2013. 2400: Deaths 6.
http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/gener ... 34883.html
[Maps of Pakistan can be accessed at
http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/asia/ ... kistan.gif
and http://healthmap.org/r/1kc-. - Mod.TY]
- Punjab province. 9 Sep 2013. Dengue 85 cases.
http://www.thefrontierpost.com/article/39078/
- Sindh province. 7 Sep 2013. Dengue (conf.) 1056; Municipality most affected: Karachi 1003 cases with 11 deaths.
http://www.geo.tv/article-117213-Karach ... ed-in-city
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- India:
- Guwahati, Assam state. 6 Sep 2013. Dengue (conf.) 350 cases; Increasing.
http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/det ... 713/city05
[Maps of India can be seen at
http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm and
http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH. - Mod.TY]
- Delhi. 7 Sep 2013. Dengue 226 cases; Increasing.
http://health.india.com/news/226-dengue ... 3-in-2012/
- Maharashtra state. 3 Sep 2013. Dengue nearly 1500 cases; Deaths 23. Municipality most affected: Mumbai nearly 400 cases.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 241955.cms
[23 deaths of some 1500 cases is a high mortality rate, and makes one wonder whether there is significant underreporting of non-fatal cases. - Mod.TY]
- Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala state. 4 Sep 2013. Dengue 3657 cases; 25 geographic hot spots identified.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 271471.cms
- Odisha state. 7 Sep 2013. Dengue 2867 cases; Deaths (conf.) 5; Increasing.
http://newindianexpress.com/states/odis ... 772538.ece
- Pakistan:
- Swat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 3 Sep 2013. 2400: Deaths 6.
http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/gener ... 34883.html
[Maps of Pakistan can be accessed at
http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/asia/ ... kistan.gif
and http://healthmap.org/r/1kc-. - Mod.TY]
- Punjab province. 9 Sep 2013. Dengue 85 cases.
http://www.thefrontierpost.com/article/39078/
- Sindh province. 7 Sep 2013. Dengue (conf.) 1056; Municipality most affected: Karachi 1003 cases with 11 deaths.
http://www.geo.tv/article-117213-Karach ... ed-in-city
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Leishmaniasen in Indien
LEISHMANIASIS - INDIA (02): (JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
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Date: Tue 10 Sep 2013
Source: Hindustan Times [edited]
http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-new ... Article1-1
20 cases of leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) [visceral leishmaniasis, VL] were reported from Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) for the 1st time this year [2013], even as the central government claims it is very close to eliminating the vector-borne neglected tropical disease in the country.
The cases have been reported from the Doda district of the state since March this year [2013], hinting at the entry of the parasite in the region. Some epidemiologists, however, claim it does qualify as an outbreak, since it is the 1st time that the cases have been reported from J&K in such numbers.
The officials from the union ministry of health and family welfare, however, call them sporadic cases. "We have sporadic occurrences of the disease being reported from the states of Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, etc. Himachal Pradesh has transmission of the disease, and it shares its boundary with J&K, so there's a chance that the parasite moved. There's nothing alarming though," said Dr AC Dhariwal, director, national vector-borne disease control programme, Health Ministry. "We are investigating the matter," Dhariwal added.
The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), which analyses the pattern and devises ways to control communicable diseases in the country, will be sending a team to the state to deal with the outbreak. "If it is indeed an outbreak, then we will have to start the national control programme soon, and those persons infected with the disease need to be put on treatment," said Dr LS Chauhan, director, NCDC.
[Byline: Rhythma Kaul]
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[Leishmaniasis is a poverty-related disease. It affects the poorest of the poor and is associated with malnutrition, displacement, poor housing, illiteracy, gender discrimination, weakness of the immune system, and lack of resources. Leishmaniasis is also linked to environmental changes, such as deforestation, building of dams, new irrigation schemes and urbanization, and the accompanying migration of non-immune people to endemic areas. 90 percent of all visceral leishmaniasis cases occur in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal and Sudan (WHO: http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/burden/en/).
A map of the distribution of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis cases can be found here: http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/leishm ... index.html.
Thus, VL is endemic in India. The reservoir is mainly small rodents, but humans may also act as the hosts infecting the sandflies. Control rests on rodent and vector control. - Mod.EP
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1_IS.]
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Date: Tue 10 Sep 2013
Source: Hindustan Times [edited]
http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-new ... Article1-1
20 cases of leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) [visceral leishmaniasis, VL] were reported from Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) for the 1st time this year [2013], even as the central government claims it is very close to eliminating the vector-borne neglected tropical disease in the country.
The cases have been reported from the Doda district of the state since March this year [2013], hinting at the entry of the parasite in the region. Some epidemiologists, however, claim it does qualify as an outbreak, since it is the 1st time that the cases have been reported from J&K in such numbers.
The officials from the union ministry of health and family welfare, however, call them sporadic cases. "We have sporadic occurrences of the disease being reported from the states of Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, etc. Himachal Pradesh has transmission of the disease, and it shares its boundary with J&K, so there's a chance that the parasite moved. There's nothing alarming though," said Dr AC Dhariwal, director, national vector-borne disease control programme, Health Ministry. "We are investigating the matter," Dhariwal added.
The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), which analyses the pattern and devises ways to control communicable diseases in the country, will be sending a team to the state to deal with the outbreak. "If it is indeed an outbreak, then we will have to start the national control programme soon, and those persons infected with the disease need to be put on treatment," said Dr LS Chauhan, director, NCDC.
[Byline: Rhythma Kaul]
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[Leishmaniasis is a poverty-related disease. It affects the poorest of the poor and is associated with malnutrition, displacement, poor housing, illiteracy, gender discrimination, weakness of the immune system, and lack of resources. Leishmaniasis is also linked to environmental changes, such as deforestation, building of dams, new irrigation schemes and urbanization, and the accompanying migration of non-immune people to endemic areas. 90 percent of all visceral leishmaniasis cases occur in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal and Sudan (WHO: http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/burden/en/).
A map of the distribution of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis cases can be found here: http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/leishm ... index.html.
Thus, VL is endemic in India. The reservoir is mainly small rodents, but humans may also act as the hosts infecting the sandflies. Control rests on rodent and vector control. - Mod.EP
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1_IS.]
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Chikungunya in Indien
CHIKUNGUNYA (37): INDIA (GUJARAT)
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Date: Wed 11 Sep 2013
Source: Daily Bhaskar [edited]
http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/GUJ-AH ... 0-NOR.html
Ahmedabad city can take a sigh of relief as the cases of malaria have decreased. However, chikungunya cases are still high. According to AMC's health report, 39 cases of chikungunya have been registered this month [September 2013]. Last year [2012], September witnessed only 5 cases of chikungunya.
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[The number of chikungunya virus infections has increased from 39 up to 7 Aug 2013 to an apparent additional 39 cases so far in September, suggesting that the outbreak is accelerating. No mention is made of vector mosquito control efforts in Ahmedabad.
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map showing the location of Gujarat state can be accessed at http://healthmap.org/r/1iSU. - Mod.TY]
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Date: Wed 11 Sep 2013
Source: Daily Bhaskar [edited]
http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/GUJ-AH ... 0-NOR.html
Ahmedabad city can take a sigh of relief as the cases of malaria have decreased. However, chikungunya cases are still high. According to AMC's health report, 39 cases of chikungunya have been registered this month [September 2013]. Last year [2012], September witnessed only 5 cases of chikungunya.
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[The number of chikungunya virus infections has increased from 39 up to 7 Aug 2013 to an apparent additional 39 cases so far in September, suggesting that the outbreak is accelerating. No mention is made of vector mosquito control efforts in Ahmedabad.
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map showing the location of Gujarat state can be accessed at http://healthmap.org/r/1iSU. - Mod.TY]
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Fleckfieber in Indien
SCRUB TYPHUS - INDIA (03): (HIMACHAL PRADESH)
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Date: Thu 12 Sep 2013
Source: The Times of India, Times News Network (TNN) [edited]
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/indi ... 502120.cms
As many as 27 fresh cases of scrub typhus were detected at the Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital [IGMCH] [in Shimla] on Wednesday [11 Sep 2013]. This comes a day after 18 cases tested positive on Tuesday. This count is of patients arriving at the premier medical institution for treatment, when the actual number could be higher since most people opt for treatment at the district level.
Senior medical superintendent of IGMCH, Ramesh Chand said that 27 cases detected on Wednesday [11 Sep 2013] were being provided free treatment at the hospital. There have been no reports of death due to scrub typhus of late, he added.
In the state, [IgM ELISA, that is, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay] test facility is only available at Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital (IGMCH), Shimla, while same facility is now being made available at Dr Rajendra Prasad Medical College and Hospital in Tanda, Kangra.
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[For a discussion of scrub typhus, see moderator ML's comments in prior ProMED-mail posts Scrub typhus - India (07): (RJ) fatal, susp. 20120917.1297397 and Scrub typhus - India (12): (MH) fatal 20121109.1402125.
Shimla, with a population in 2011 of 171,817, is the capital of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, located in northern India (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla). Himachal Pradesh is a mountainous state in northwestern India with an elevation ranging from about 350 meters (1148 feet) to 7000 meters (22 966 feet) above sea level and has one of the highest per capita incomes of any state in India (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh). A map of India showing the location of Shimla and the state of Himachal Pradesh is accessible at http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm. - Mod.ML
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/3kii.]
*********************************************
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ProMED-mail is a program of the
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Date: Thu 12 Sep 2013
Source: The Times of India, Times News Network (TNN) [edited]
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/indi ... 502120.cms
As many as 27 fresh cases of scrub typhus were detected at the Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital [IGMCH] [in Shimla] on Wednesday [11 Sep 2013]. This comes a day after 18 cases tested positive on Tuesday. This count is of patients arriving at the premier medical institution for treatment, when the actual number could be higher since most people opt for treatment at the district level.
Senior medical superintendent of IGMCH, Ramesh Chand said that 27 cases detected on Wednesday [11 Sep 2013] were being provided free treatment at the hospital. There have been no reports of death due to scrub typhus of late, he added.
In the state, [IgM ELISA, that is, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay] test facility is only available at Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital (IGMCH), Shimla, while same facility is now being made available at Dr Rajendra Prasad Medical College and Hospital in Tanda, Kangra.
--
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[For a discussion of scrub typhus, see moderator ML's comments in prior ProMED-mail posts Scrub typhus - India (07): (RJ) fatal, susp. 20120917.1297397 and Scrub typhus - India (12): (MH) fatal 20121109.1402125.
Shimla, with a population in 2011 of 171,817, is the capital of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, located in northern India (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla). Himachal Pradesh is a mountainous state in northwestern India with an elevation ranging from about 350 meters (1148 feet) to 7000 meters (22 966 feet) above sea level and has one of the highest per capita incomes of any state in India (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh). A map of India showing the location of Shimla and the state of Himachal Pradesh is accessible at http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm. - Mod.ML
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/3kii.]
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Tollwut in Nepal
RABIES - NEPAL (02): (JAJARKOT), CANINE, HUMAN
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Date: Sun 15 Sep 2013
Source: The Himalayan Times [edited]
http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNe ... sID=390846
3 people died of rabies [virus] infection after being bitten by stray dogs in the district recently. The deceased were a 53-year-old father and his 22-year-old daughter of Dhime VDC-1 and a 48-year-old man of Dhime VDC-5.
More than 24 villagers have been suffering from the disease after being bitten by stray dogs at Dhime and Jagatipur VDCs. The patients died due to shortage of anti-rabies vaccine at the District Hospital.
The stock of vaccine has run out, and the hospital has demanded more vaccine from the Regional Health Office, said Dhir Jung Shah, Assistant Chief of the District Public Health Office, Jajarkot.
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[Rabies is a vaccine-preventable disease. The most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in people is by eliminating rabies in dogs through vaccination. Vaccination of animals (mostly dogs) has reduced the number of human (and animal) rabies cases in several countries, particularly in Latin America [and eliminated street rabies from the USA. - Mod.JW]. Preventing human rabies through control of domestic dog rabies is a realistic goal for large parts of Africa and Asia and is justified financially by the future savings of discontinuing post-exposure prophylaxis for people. The problem in Nepal is a consequence of inadequate provision of rabies vaccine for both pre and post exposure vaccination, no doubt ultimately due to financial constraints.
Safe, effective vaccines can be used for pre-exposure immunization (PEP). This is recommended for travellers spending a lot of time outdoors, especially in rural areas, being involved in activities such as bicycling, camping, or hiking as well as for long-term travellers and expatriates living in areas with a significant risk of exposure. Pre-exposure immunization is also recommended for people in certain high-risk occupations such as laboratory workers dealing with live rabies virus and other rabies-related viruses (lyssaviruses), and people involved in any activities that might bring them professionally or otherwise into direct contact with bats, carnivores, and other mammals in rabies-affected areas. As children are considered at higher risk because they tend to play with animals and may receive more severe bites, or may not report bites, their immunization could be considered if living in or visiting high risk areas.
Prompt wound care and the administration of rabies immune globulin (RIG) and vaccine are highly effective in preventing human rabies following exposure. A variety of empirical schedules and vaccine doses have been recommended over time, based in part on immunogenicity and clinical experience in areas of the world with enzootic canine or wildlife rabies. As more potent vaccines were developed, the number of vaccine doses recommended for PEP has decreased, and studies aimed at further revision and reduction of PEP schedules and doses in humans have been encouraged. By the latter half of the 20th century, a 4- to 6-dose, intramuscular regimen using human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) or purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCECV) was being recommended. In the USA, a 5-dose PEP vaccine regimen was adopted during the 1980s. In 2007, when human rabies vaccine was in limited supply, an ad hoc National Rabies Working Group was formed to reassess the recommendations for rabies prevention and control in humans and other animals. In 2008, a smaller Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Rabies Workgroup was formed to review rabies vaccine regimen options. This report provides updated ACIP recommendations regarding the use of a 4-dose vaccination regimen, replacing the previously recommended 5-dose regimen, for rabies PEP in previously unvaccinated persons.
Jajarkot District is one of the 75 districts of Nepal. The district, with Jajarkot as its district headquarters, covers an area of 2230 square km and had a population of 171 304 in 2011. - Mod.CP
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1COd.]
**********************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Sun 15 Sep 2013
Source: The Himalayan Times [edited]
http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNe ... sID=390846
3 people died of rabies [virus] infection after being bitten by stray dogs in the district recently. The deceased were a 53-year-old father and his 22-year-old daughter of Dhime VDC-1 and a 48-year-old man of Dhime VDC-5.
More than 24 villagers have been suffering from the disease after being bitten by stray dogs at Dhime and Jagatipur VDCs. The patients died due to shortage of anti-rabies vaccine at the District Hospital.
The stock of vaccine has run out, and the hospital has demanded more vaccine from the Regional Health Office, said Dhir Jung Shah, Assistant Chief of the District Public Health Office, Jajarkot.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Rabies is a vaccine-preventable disease. The most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in people is by eliminating rabies in dogs through vaccination. Vaccination of animals (mostly dogs) has reduced the number of human (and animal) rabies cases in several countries, particularly in Latin America [and eliminated street rabies from the USA. - Mod.JW]. Preventing human rabies through control of domestic dog rabies is a realistic goal for large parts of Africa and Asia and is justified financially by the future savings of discontinuing post-exposure prophylaxis for people. The problem in Nepal is a consequence of inadequate provision of rabies vaccine for both pre and post exposure vaccination, no doubt ultimately due to financial constraints.
Safe, effective vaccines can be used for pre-exposure immunization (PEP). This is recommended for travellers spending a lot of time outdoors, especially in rural areas, being involved in activities such as bicycling, camping, or hiking as well as for long-term travellers and expatriates living in areas with a significant risk of exposure. Pre-exposure immunization is also recommended for people in certain high-risk occupations such as laboratory workers dealing with live rabies virus and other rabies-related viruses (lyssaviruses), and people involved in any activities that might bring them professionally or otherwise into direct contact with bats, carnivores, and other mammals in rabies-affected areas. As children are considered at higher risk because they tend to play with animals and may receive more severe bites, or may not report bites, their immunization could be considered if living in or visiting high risk areas.
Prompt wound care and the administration of rabies immune globulin (RIG) and vaccine are highly effective in preventing human rabies following exposure. A variety of empirical schedules and vaccine doses have been recommended over time, based in part on immunogenicity and clinical experience in areas of the world with enzootic canine or wildlife rabies. As more potent vaccines were developed, the number of vaccine doses recommended for PEP has decreased, and studies aimed at further revision and reduction of PEP schedules and doses in humans have been encouraged. By the latter half of the 20th century, a 4- to 6-dose, intramuscular regimen using human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) or purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCECV) was being recommended. In the USA, a 5-dose PEP vaccine regimen was adopted during the 1980s. In 2007, when human rabies vaccine was in limited supply, an ad hoc National Rabies Working Group was formed to reassess the recommendations for rabies prevention and control in humans and other animals. In 2008, a smaller Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Rabies Workgroup was formed to review rabies vaccine regimen options. This report provides updated ACIP recommendations regarding the use of a 4-dose vaccination regimen, replacing the previously recommended 5-dose regimen, for rabies PEP in previously unvaccinated persons.
Jajarkot District is one of the 75 districts of Nepal. The district, with Jajarkot as its district headquarters, covers an area of 2230 square km and had a population of 171 304 in 2011. - Mod.CP
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1COd.]
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35259
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Denguefieber in Indien und Pakistan
DENGUE/DHF UPDATE (76): ASIA
*************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
In this update:
India
- Delhi
- Amreli district, Gujarat state
- Pune, Maharashtra state
- Punjab state
- Odisha state
- Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh state
Pakistan
- Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province
- Mingora, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province
- Sindh province
India
- Delhi. 10 Sep 2013. Dengue 255 cases; 93 cases in last 9 days. Increasing.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 446277.cms
[Maps of India can be seen at http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm and http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH. - Mod.TY]
- Amreli district, Gujarat state. 9 Sep 2013. Dengue (conf.) 75 cases; deaths 1.
http://www.indianexpress.com/news/amrel ... s/1166578/
- Pune, Maharashtra state. 12 Sep 2013. Dengue 1 Jul-10 Sep 2013, (conf.) 181 cases.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 501346.cms
- Punjab state. 13 Sep 2013. Dengue 62 cases. Municipality most affected: Ludhiana 27 cases.
http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Lu ... 21766.aspx
- Odisha state. 13 Sep 2013. Dengue since June 2013, 3490 cases; deaths 5. 26 of the state's 30 districts affected.
http://post.jagran.com/nearly-3500-peop ... 1379057942
- Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh state. 13 Sep 2013. Dengue 105 cases in past one month.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 530347.cms
Pakistan
- Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 16 Sep 2013. Dengue over 3000 cases; 7 districts declared calamitous.
http://www.thefrontierpost.com/article/41425/
[Maps of Pakistan can be accessed at http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/asia/ ... kistan.gif and http://healthmap.org/r/1iGJ. - Mod.TY]
- Mingora, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 9 Sep 2013. Dengue over 6000 cases; deaths 5.
http://tribune.com.pk/story/601704/deng ... aving-sth/
- Sindh province. 11 Sep 2013. Dengue 1098 cases. Municipality most affected: Karachi 1040 cases.
http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/gener ... sindh.html
*************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
In this update:
India
- Delhi
- Amreli district, Gujarat state
- Pune, Maharashtra state
- Punjab state
- Odisha state
- Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh state
Pakistan
- Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province
- Mingora, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province
- Sindh province
India
- Delhi. 10 Sep 2013. Dengue 255 cases; 93 cases in last 9 days. Increasing.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 446277.cms
[Maps of India can be seen at http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/i ... al-map.htm and http://healthmap.org/r/1pSH. - Mod.TY]
- Amreli district, Gujarat state. 9 Sep 2013. Dengue (conf.) 75 cases; deaths 1.
http://www.indianexpress.com/news/amrel ... s/1166578/
- Pune, Maharashtra state. 12 Sep 2013. Dengue 1 Jul-10 Sep 2013, (conf.) 181 cases.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 501346.cms
- Punjab state. 13 Sep 2013. Dengue 62 cases. Municipality most affected: Ludhiana 27 cases.
http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Lu ... 21766.aspx
- Odisha state. 13 Sep 2013. Dengue since June 2013, 3490 cases; deaths 5. 26 of the state's 30 districts affected.
http://post.jagran.com/nearly-3500-peop ... 1379057942
- Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh state. 13 Sep 2013. Dengue 105 cases in past one month.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city ... 530347.cms
Pakistan
- Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 16 Sep 2013. Dengue over 3000 cases; 7 districts declared calamitous.
http://www.thefrontierpost.com/article/41425/
[Maps of Pakistan can be accessed at http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/asia/ ... kistan.gif and http://healthmap.org/r/1iGJ. - Mod.TY]
- Mingora, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 9 Sep 2013. Dengue over 6000 cases; deaths 5.
http://tribune.com.pk/story/601704/deng ... aving-sth/
- Sindh province. 11 Sep 2013. Dengue 1098 cases. Municipality most affected: Karachi 1040 cases.
http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/gener ... sindh.html
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35259
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Diarrhoe in Armenien
WATERBORNE DIARRHEA - ARMENIA: (ARAGACOT'N), CHOLERA DENIED, REQUEST FOR INFORMATION
************************************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Wed 18 Sep 2013
Source: Armenia Now [edited]
http://armenianow.com/society/health/48 ... refutation
Armenia's Ministry of Health has issued an official statement refuting the report disseminated by one of the local media claiming a cholera outbreak in one of the country's provinces.
Earlier, Ilur.am had published a report suggesting a cholera outbreak in the villages of Oshakan, Voskevaz and Voskehat of the Aragatsotn [Aragacot'n] region.
"Not a single case of cholera has been registered in Armenia since 1998," the ministry said in the statement published on its official website. It added that as many as 54 cases of intestinal infection were registered in the mentioned community on 28-29 Aug 2013. All people with such symptoms were hospitalized and treated, and local health specialists in Aragatsotn visited the households in the communities for inspection purposes and for conducting explanatory work among local residents about prevention of intestinal infections, it added.
Data received as a result of epidemiological examination shows that the contagion was spread because of a one-time contamination of drinking water, said the ministry, adding that on 28 Aug 2013 and during subsequent days, laboratory analyses of drinking water from the communities did not reveal any pathogens.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[ProMED would appreciate more information regarding this outbreak of waterborne infection in western Armenia. Whether cholera is present here is unknown. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1HT_.]
************************************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Wed 18 Sep 2013
Source: Armenia Now [edited]
http://armenianow.com/society/health/48 ... refutation
Armenia's Ministry of Health has issued an official statement refuting the report disseminated by one of the local media claiming a cholera outbreak in one of the country's provinces.
Earlier, Ilur.am had published a report suggesting a cholera outbreak in the villages of Oshakan, Voskevaz and Voskehat of the Aragatsotn [Aragacot'n] region.
"Not a single case of cholera has been registered in Armenia since 1998," the ministry said in the statement published on its official website. It added that as many as 54 cases of intestinal infection were registered in the mentioned community on 28-29 Aug 2013. All people with such symptoms were hospitalized and treated, and local health specialists in Aragatsotn visited the households in the communities for inspection purposes and for conducting explanatory work among local residents about prevention of intestinal infections, it added.
Data received as a result of epidemiological examination shows that the contagion was spread because of a one-time contamination of drinking water, said the ministry, adding that on 28 Aug 2013 and during subsequent days, laboratory analyses of drinking water from the communities did not reveal any pathogens.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[ProMED would appreciate more information regarding this outbreak of waterborne infection in western Armenia. Whether cholera is present here is unknown. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1HT_.]
